比特派钱包网址|carbon

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碳（化学元素）_百度百科

元素）_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心碳是一个多义词，请在下列义项上选择浏览（共2个义项）展开添加义项碳[tàn]播报讨论上传视频化学元素收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10碳（Carbon）是一种非金属元素，化学符号为C，在常温下具有稳定性，不易反应、极低的对人体的毒性，甚至可以以石墨或活性炭的形式安全地摄取，位于元素周期表的第二周期IVA族。碳是一种很常见的元素，它以多种形式广泛存在于大气和地壳和生物之中。拉丁语为Carbonium，意为“煤，木炭”。碳元素结构多样，能够以具有多方面性质的单质形式存在，如晶形碳、无定形碳和过渡碳。碳单质很早就被人认识和利用，碳的一系列化合物——有机物更是生命的根本。碳还有多种同素异形体，如金刚石、石墨、石墨烯、富勒烯等，这些同素异形体广泛应用于航空、医疗、石油化工、国防等领域。另外，碳是生铁、熟铁和钢的成分之一。 碳能在化学上互相结合而形成大量化合物，在生物上和商业上是重要的分子。生物体内绝大多数分子都含有碳元素。中文名碳外文名CarbonCAS登录号7440-44-0EINECS登录号231-153-3熔    点3500 ℃沸    点4827 ℃水溶性不溶于水密    度1.8 g/cm³外    观黑色粉状或颗粒状多孔结晶。闪    点>230 °F应    用用于脱硫、净化水、净化空气、回收溶剂、吸附、催化剂安全性描述S22；S24/25危险性符号F；Xn；Xi [21]危险性描述R36/37 [21]UN危险货物编号1325元素符号C原子序数6元素类别非金属元素原子量12.011周    期第二周期族IVA族区p区电子排布[He]2s22p2电负性2.55（鲍林标度）目录1发现历史2存在分布▪矿藏形式▪自然界中的循环▪恒星中的形成3同位素4同素异形体▪晶形碳▪无定形碳▪过渡碳5物质结构6化学性质▪单质▪化合物7毒理性质8制取方法▪金刚石▪石墨9应用领域发现历史播报编辑碳的英文名称carbon来源于拉丁文中煤和木炭的名称carbo，也来源于法语中的charbon，意思是木炭。 [1] 在德国、荷兰和丹麦，碳的名字分别是Kohlenstoff、koolstof、kulstof，字面意思是煤物质。碳在史前就已被发现，炭黑和煤是人类最早使用碳的形式。钻石大约在公元前2500年被中国熟知 [2]，同时煤作为碳的形式在罗马时代被使用的化学方式和现代一样：通过在一个椎体建筑物中加热被黏土覆盖的木材来排除空气。 [3]在1722年，René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur证明铁通过吸收一些物质能变成钢，这种物质就是熟知的碳。 [4]在1772年，安东尼·拉瓦锡表明钻石是碳的一种存在形式，当他将一些钻石和煤的样品燃烧时，发现他们都不生成水，并且每克的钻石和煤所产生的二氧化碳的量是相等的。在1779年，卡尔·威廉·舍勒表明一度被认为是铅的存在形式的石墨实质上是混杂了少量铁的碳的混合物 [5]，并且他给了当用硝酸氧化时，产物的名字空气中的酸（"aerial acid"），即二氧化碳。 [6]在1786年，法国化学家Claude Louis Berthollet，Gaspard Monge 和 C. A. Vandermonde通过利用拉瓦锡处理钻石的方法将石墨氧化，证明了石墨几乎全部由碳组成。 [7]1789年，拉瓦锡在他的教科书中将碳列在元素表中。 [6]存在分布播报编辑矿藏形式碳既以游离元素存在（金刚石、石墨等），又以化合物形式存在（主要为钙、镁以及其他电正性元素的碳酸盐）。它以二氧化碳的形式存在，是大气中少量但极其重要的组分。预计碳在地壳岩石中的总丰度变化范围相当大，但典型的数值可取180ppm；按丰度顺序，这个元素位于第17位，在钡、锶、硫之后，锆、钒、氯、铬之前。 [8-9]石墨广泛分布于全世界，然而大多数几乎没有价值。大量的晶体或薄片存在于变性的沉积硅酸盐岩石中，如石英、云母、片岩和片麻岩；晶体大小从不足1mm到6mm左右（平均4mm）。它沉积微扁豆状矿体，可达30m厚，横越田野，绵延数公里。平均含碳量达25%，但高的可达60%（马尔加什）。选矿是利用氢氟酸和盐酸处理后进行浮选，再在真空中加热到1500℃。微晶石墨（有时称为“无定形体”）存在于富碳的变性沉淀中，某些墨西哥的沉积物含有高达95%的碳。 [8]金刚石出自古代火山的筒状火成砾岩（火山筒），它嵌在一种比较柔软的、暗色的碱性岩石中，称为“蓝土”或“含钻石的火成岩”，1870年在南非的吉姆伯利城，首次发现这样的火山筒。 [10]随着地质年代的变迁，借火山筒的风化腐蚀，在冲刷砂砾中和海滩上也能找到金刚石。形成金刚石结晶的原始模式当代仍然是积极研究的课题。典型的含钻石火山筒中金刚石的含量极低，数量级为500万分之一，矿物必须用粉碎、淘洗这类机械方法分离并使其从涂有油膏的皮带上通过，金刚石会粘在上面。这在某种程度上说明了宝石级金刚石价格极高的原因。 [8]三种其他形式的碳被大规模制造并广泛运用于工业：它们是焦炭、炭黑和活性炭。 [8]自然界中的循环碳循环的模式图在地面条件下，一种元素从一处到另一处是很罕见的。因此，地球上的碳含量是一个有效常数。碳在自然界中的流动构成了碳循环。例如，植物从环境中吸收二氧化碳用来储存生物质能，如碳呼吸和卡尔文循环（一种碳固定的过程）。一些生物质能通过捕食而转移，而一些碳以二氧化碳的形式被动物呼出。碳循环的结构要比右图的模式图复杂得多。例如，一些二氧化碳会溶解在海洋中，死去的植物或动物的遗骸可能会形成煤、石油和天然气，这些可以通过燃烧释放碳，而细菌不能利用得到。恒星中的形成3氦过程概貌碳原子核的形成需要α粒子（氦核）在巨核或超巨星中发生几乎同时的三重碰撞，这个过程称为三氦过程。这种核融合反应可以在超过一亿度K的高温和氦含量丰富的恒星内部迅速的发生。同样的，他发生在较老年，经由质子-质子链反应和碳氮氧循环产生的氦，累积在核心的恒星。在核心的氢已经燃烧完后，核心将塌缩，直到温度达到氦燃烧的燃点。反应的过程是：4He+4He→8Be （−93.7 keV）8Be+4He→12C （+7.367 MeV）反应过程的净能量释放为1.166pJ。另一个为恒星供能的融合机制是CNO循环（碳-氮-氧循环，有时也称为贝斯-魏茨泽克-循环，是恒星将氢转换成氦的两种过程之一，另一种过程是质子-质子链反应），其中碳作为催化剂使得反应能够进行。同位素播报编辑现代已知的同位素共有十五种，有碳8至碳22，其中碳12和碳13属稳定型，其余的均带放射性，当中碳14的半衰期长达5730年，其他的为不稳定同位素。 在地球的自然界里，碳12在所有碳的含量占98.93%，碳13则有1.07%。C的原子量取碳12、13两种同位素丰度加权的平均值，一般计算时取12.01。碳12是国际单位制中定义摩尔的尺度，以12克碳12中含有的原子数为1摩尔。碳14由于具有较长的半衰期，衰变方式为β衰变，碳14原子转变为氮原子 且碳是有机物的元素之一，生物在生存的时候，由于需要呼吸，其体内的碳14含量大致不变，生物死去后会停止呼吸，此时体内的碳14开始减少。人们可透过倾测一件古物的碳14含量，来估计它的大概年龄，这种方法称之为碳定年法。 [9]符号质子中子质量(u)半衰期核自旋相对丰度相对丰度变化量8C628.037675(25)2.0(4) x 10-21s[230(50) keV]0+--9C639.0310367(23)126.5(9) ms(3/2-)--10C6410.0168532(4)19.290(12) s0+--11C6511.0114336(10)20.334(24) min3/2---12C6612 by definition稳定0+0.9893(8)0.98853-0.9903713C6713.0033548378(10)稳定1/2-0.0107(8)0.00963-0.0114714C6814.003241989(4)5.70(3) x 103 years0+--15C6915.0105993(9)2.449(5) s1/2+--16C61016.014701(4)0.747(8) s0+--17C61117.022586(19)193(5) ms(3/2+)--18C61218.02676(3)92(2) ms0+--19C61319.03481(11)46.2(23) ms(1/2+)--20C61420.04032(26)16(3) ms [14(+6-5) ms]0+--21C61521.04934(54)#-(1/2+)#--22C61622.05720(97)#6.2(13) ms [6.1(+14-12) ms]0+--备注：画上#号的数据代表没有经过实验的证明，只是理论推测而已，而用括号括起来的代表数据不确定性。同素异形体播报编辑碳的同素异形体主要分为晶形碳、无定形碳、过渡碳等3大类，不同形态的碳单质物理性质不相同 [17]。晶形碳晶形碳主要有石墨、金刚石、富勒烯、石墨烯、碳纳米管等。其中金刚石具有典型的共价晶体特性，即高的硬度、高的熔点和低的等电性和低的导热性；石墨烯具有超薄且有弹性的机械性能、比金刚石好约2倍的导电性能以及超越其他材料的导热性能 [17]。无定形碳无定形碳包括木炭、活性炭、碳纤维等。其中活性炭是一种具有特殊微晶结构、发达孔隙结构、巨大比表面积和较强吸附能力的同素异形体。其化学稳定性好，具有耐酸、耐碱、耐高温等特点，活性炭不溶于水和有机溶剂，既可在气相中使用，也可以在液相中使用。可以通过对活性炭进行酸碱处理改变活性炭的性质，得到的活性炭又称改性活性炭 [18]。碳纤维是一种含碳量在95%以上的碳的同素异形体，既有碳材料的质轻、耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐疲劳、抗蠕变、高强度、高模量等固有本征特性，又有纺织纤维的柔软可加工性 [19]。过渡碳过渡碳为无定形碳过渡到晶形碳的过程中产生的中间产物，兼具了无定形碳和晶形碳的一些特点，表现出乱层石墨结构的特征，在微观上呈现出二维有序而三维无序的特点 [17]。过渡碳主要是热解炭黑。其中热解炭黑根据微观结构的不同可大致分为各向异性和各向同性两大类：各向同性热解炭结构均匀致密，抗氧化性能好；各向异性热解炭结构致密、晶粒尺寸小、性能结构均一，与传统炭质材料相比，在强度、耐磨、润滑、密封等性能方面表现更加优良 [20]。物质结构播报编辑碳的杂化轨道理论碳原子的基态电子构型为1s22s22p2，根据该构型，碳的价态应该表现为2价，但在大量有机分子中碳的价态是4价，这是因为在外界干扰下，若干能量相近的原子轨道可以组合成同样数目的、能量完全相同的新的原子轨道，这种新的轨道就称为杂化轨道。这就解释了多原子分子的空间构型和用普通价键理论所不能解释的某些共价分子的形成方式。并且，碳原子除能够采取 sp，sp2，sp3等多种轨道杂化形式以外，还可以形成某些中间过渡状态的杂化态，从而使碳有不同的过渡态结构存在，又因为物质结构决定性质，这些不同过渡态结构的碳的性质也会不同 [16]。化学性质播报编辑单质在氧气中燃烧剧烈放热，发出刺眼白光，产生无色无味能使氢氧化钙溶液（澄清石灰水）变浑浊的气体。化学方程式在空气中燃烧放热，持续红热，产生无色无臭能使氢氧化钙溶液（澄清石灰水）变浑浊的气体CO2化学方程式当燃烧不充分，即氧气量不足时，产生一氧化碳。化学方程式作为还原剂碳作为还原剂拥有和氢气、一氧化碳相似的化学性质（但生成物不同），都可以从金属氧化物中还原出金属单质。碳还原氧化铜碳还原氧化铁碳还原二氧化碳注：碳在密封空间与高锰酸钾共热，高锰酸钾会分解出氧气，碳会迅速氧化，会发生爆炸。与强氧化性酸反应。化学方程式稳定性碳在常温下具有稳定性，不易反应。 [9]化合物碳的化合物中，只有以下化合物属于无机物：碳的氧化物、碳化物、碳的硫属化合物、二硫化碳(CS2)、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、氰及一系列拟卤素及其拟卤化物、拟卤酸盐，如氰[(CN)2]、氧氰[(OCN)2]，硫氰[(SCN)2]，其它含碳化合物都是有机化合物。由于碳原子形成的键都比较稳定，有机化合物中碳的个数、排列以及取代基的种类、位置都具有高度的随意性，因此造成了有机物数量极其繁多这一现象，现代人类发现的化合物中有机物占绝大多数。有机物的性质与无机物大不相同，它们一般可燃、不易溶于水，反应机理复杂，已形成一门独立的分科——有机化学。 [11]毒理性质播报编辑纯碳具有极低的对人体的毒性，并可以处理，甚至可以以石墨或活性炭的形式安全地摄取。碳可以抵抗溶解或化学侵蚀，例如，即使是面对消化道内的酸性物质。因此它一旦进入人体组织后可能会无期限存留。炭黑可能是最早用来纹身的颜料之一，如冰人奥兹被发现有炭黑纹身，这些纹身从他存活开始一直到他死后5200年后都一直存在。 [12]然而，吸入大量煤炭（或炭黑）粉尘或烟尘是危险的，它们会刺激肺组织，并引起充血性肺病煤工尘肺。相似的，金刚石磨粉被误食或吸入也会有危险。碳对地球上几乎所有生物都是低毒的，然而对某些生物是有毒的，例如碳纳米颗粒对果蝇是致命的。 [13]碳化合物种类繁多，既有致命毒素如河豚毒素、从蓖麻种子中提取的蓖麻毒素、氰化物和一氧化碳等，也有生命必需物种如葡萄糖、蛋白质。制取方法播报编辑不同碳单质只制备方式不同，以下介绍两类常见的碳单质制备方法，其他类型的碳单质详见相应词条。金刚石2005年全球钻石产量金刚石供应链被有权利的贸易集团控制在有限数量上，并且高度集中在世界上很小的区域内。只有非常少量的矿藏有实际价值。在将矿石粉碎期间必须采取护理措施防止在此过程中金刚石遭到破损，并随后将金刚石按照密度顺序排序。在当今借助X射线将钻石按照富集密度分级之前，过程中最后的分拣步骤都是靠手工完成的。在借助X射线操作成为了家常便饭之前，分离是通过涂有油膏的皮带完成的，钻石比其他矿物更有粘附能力。 [14]石墨有商业价值的石墨沉积在世界各地都有，但最重要的经济来源是在中国、印度、巴西和朝鲜。在Borrowdale , Cumberland , England的石墨沉积是首先达到了足够的大小和纯度，在19世纪前，铅笔通过简单地用木条将天然石墨锯条包裹而成。二十一世纪后，小的石墨沉积通过粉碎母岩并使轻质的石墨浮出水面获得。 [15]应用领域播报编辑碳对于现有已知的所有生命系统都是不可或缺的，没有它，生命不可能存在。除食物和木材以外的碳的主要经济利用是烃（最明显的是石油和天然气）的形式。原油由石化行业在炼油厂通过分馏过程来生产其他商品，包括汽油和煤油。纤维素是一种天然的含碳的聚合物，从棉、麻、亚麻等植物中获取。纤维素在植物中的主要作用的维持植物本身的结构。来源于动物的具有商业价值的聚合物包括羊毛、羊绒、丝绸等都是碳的聚合物，通常还包括规则排列在聚合物主链的氮原子和氧原子。碳及其化合物多种多样。碳还能与铁形成合金，最常见的是碳素钢；石墨和黏土混合可以制用于书写和绘画的铅笔芯，石墨还能作为润滑剂和颜料，作为玻璃制造的成型材料，用于电极和电镀、电铸，电动马达的电刷，也是核反应堆中的中子减速材料；焦炭可以用于烧烤、绘图材料和炼铁工业；宝石级金刚石可作为首饰，工业用金刚石用于钻孔、切割和抛光，以及加工石头和金属的工具。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

CARBON中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

CARBON中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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英语-中文（简体）

carbon 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

carbonnoun uk

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/ˈkɑː.bən/ us

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/ˈkɑːr.bən/

carbon noun

(SUBSTANCE)

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B2 [ U ] (symbol C) a chemical element that exists in its pure form as diamond or graphite, and is an important part of other substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and animals

碳

范例

They used carbon dating tests to authenticate the claim that the skeleton was 2 million years old.New legislation aims to reduce carbon emissions.The substance was identified as carbon.

carbon noun

(DOCUMENT)

[ C ] a

carbon copy

复写本

(carbon在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

carbon的例句

carbon

Net assimilation is in part determined by the rate of photosynthetic carbon gain of plants.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

An ecosystem is a system controlled by the flow of energy, and substances such as water, carbon and phosphorus, exchanged among living things.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The attacking nucleophilic amino group (circled red) is blue, and the attacked carbonyl carbon green.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Therefore, marginal lands are not necessarily more economically efficient at sequestering carbon, and indeed the opposite may be true.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration for rangelands.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The cost of replacing carbon by growing trees is so high primarily because of the opportunity costs of foregoing agricultural production on prime cropland.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Supply-side options are shown in the rows of table 1, and are put under two subheadings: carbon and carbon-neutral.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

We then compare the outcomes of the carbon reduction simulations with the baseline solution.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

B2

carbon的翻译

中文（繁体）

物質, 碳, 文件…

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西班牙语

carbón, carbono [masculine]…

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葡萄牙语

carbono, cópia carbono, carbono [masculine]…

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更多语言

in Marathi

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in Dutch

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in Hindi

in Gujarati

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in Swedish

马来语

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in Urdu

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in Bengali

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意大利语

रासायनिक मूलद्रव्य जे त्याच्या शुद्ध स्वरूपात हिरे किंवा ग्रॅफाइटमधे, कार्बन कोळसा व खनिज तेलाचा महत्वाचा घटक आहे. प्राणी आणि पक्षी ह्यामध्ये सुद्धा मुबलक प्रमाणात आढळते.…

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炭素, 炭素（たんそ）…

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karbon…

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carbone [masculine], carbone…

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carbó…

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koolstof…

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வைரம் அல்லது கிராஃபைட் போன்ற அதன் தூய வடிவத்தில் இருக்கக்கூடிய ஒரு வேதியியல் உறுப்பு, மற்றும் நிலக்கரி மற்றும் எண்ணெய் போன்ற பிற பொருட்களின் ஒரு முக்கிய பகுதியாகும், அத்துடன் அனைத்து தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் விலங்குகளிலும் இருக்கக்கூடியது…

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कार्बन…

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કાર્બન…

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kulstof…

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kol…

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arang…

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der Kohlenstoff…

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karbon [neuter], karbon…

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کاربن (ایک کیمیائی عنصر جواصل شکل میں ہیرے یا گریفائٹ میں پایا جاتا ہے اور دوسرے مادوں جیسے کوئلے اور تیل کا اہم عنصر ہوتا ہے)…

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вуглець…

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углерод…

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కర్బనం, ఒక రసాయన మూలకం. స్వచ్ఛమైన స్థితిలో వజ్రం మరియు గ్రాఫైట్ రూపాల్లో ఉంటుంది. బొగ్గు, చమురు వంటి పదార్థాలలో ముఖ్య భాగంగా ఉంటుంది. ఇంకా అన్ని మొక్కలు మరియు జంతువుల్లో కర్బనం ఉంటుంది.…

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كَربون…

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কার্বন, যে রাসায়নিক উপাদান হীরে বা গ্রাফাইটে বিশুদ্ধভাবে থাকে এবং কয়লা বা তেল এর মতো অন্যান্য পদার্থের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ হিসেবে এবং সমস্ত উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণিদের মধ্যেও থাকে…

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uhlík…

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karbon…

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คาร์บอน…

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cacbon…

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węgiel…

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탄소…

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carbonio…

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carbon的发音是什么？

在英语词典中查看 carbon 的释义

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carbohydrase

carbohydrate

carbolic acid

carbolic soap

carbon

carbon capture

carbon chain

carbon copy

carbon credits

carbon更多的中文(简体)翻译

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carbon copy

carbon debt

carbon sink

carbon tax

carbon-zero

low-carbon

zero-carbon

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“每日一词”

veggie burger

UK

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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/

US

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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/

a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape

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Forget doing it or forget to do it? Avoiding common mistakes with verb patterns (2)

March 06, 2024

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stochastic parrot

March 04, 2024

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Carbon | Facts, Uses, & Properties | Britannica

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IntroductionProperties and usesProduction of elemental carbonStructure of carbon allotropesNuclear propertiesCompounds

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carbon

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August Kekule von Stradonitz

Sir Harold W. Kroto

Robert Curl

John Ulric Nef

Charles Glover Barkla

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fullerene

graphene

graphite

diamond

carbon-13

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carbon (C), nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful—it makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth’s crust—yet it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. In 1961 the isotope carbon-12 was selected to replace oxygen as the standard relative to which the atomic weights of all the other elements are measured. Carbon-14, which is radioactive, is the isotope used in radiocarbon dating and radiolabeling.Element Propertiesatomic number6atomic weight12.0096 to 12.0116melting point3,550 °C (6,420 °F)boiling point4,827 °C (8,721 °F)densitydiamond3.52 g/cm3graphite2.25 g/cm3amorphous1.9 g/cm3oxidation states+2, +3, +4electron configuration1s22s22p2 Properties and uses On a weight basis, carbon is 19th in order of elemental abundance in Earth’s crust, and there are estimated to be 3.5 times as many carbon atoms as silicon atoms in the universe. Only hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and nitrogen are atomically more abundant in the cosmos than carbon. Carbon is the cosmic product of the “burning” of helium, in which three helium nuclei, atomic weight 4, fuse to produce a carbon nucleus, atomic weight 12. Why is carbon called the element of life?Learn about carbon and how it forms the basis of life.(more)See all videos for this articleIn the crust of Earth, elemental carbon is a minor component. However, carbon compounds (i.e., carbonates of magnesium and calcium) form common minerals (e.g., magnesite, dolomite, marble, or limestone). Coral and the shells of oysters and clams are primarily calcium carbonate. Carbon is widely distributed as coal and in the organic compounds that constitute petroleum, natural gas, and all plant and animal tissue. A natural sequence of chemical reactions called the carbon cycle—involving conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by photosynthesis in plants, the consumption of these carbohydrates by animals and oxidation of them through metabolism to produce carbon dioxide and other products, and the return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere—is one of the most important of all biological processes. bituminous coalCarbon as an element was discovered by the first person to handle charcoal from fire. Thus, together with sulfur, iron, tin, lead, copper, mercury, silver, and gold, carbon was one of the small group of elements well known in the ancient world. Modern carbon chemistry dates from the development of coals, petroleum, and natural gas as fuels and from the elucidation of synthetic organic chemistry, both substantially developed since the 1800s.

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fullereneTwo fullerene structures: an elongated carbon nanotube and a spherical buckminsterfullerene, or “buckyball.”(more)Elemental carbon exists in several forms, each of which has its own physical characteristics. Two of its well-defined forms, diamond and graphite, are crystalline in structure, but they differ in physical properties because the arrangements of the atoms in their structures are dissimilar. A third form, called fullerene, consists of a variety of molecules composed entirely of carbon. Spheroidal, closed-cage fullerenes are called buckerminsterfullerenes, or “buckyballs,” and cylindrical fullerenes are called nanotubes. A fourth form, called Q-carbon, is crystalline and magnetic. Yet another form, called amorphous carbon, has no crystalline structure. Other forms—such as carbon black, charcoal, lampblack, coal, and coke—are sometimes called amorphous, but X-ray examination has revealed that these substances do possess a low degree of crystallinity. Diamond and graphite occur naturally on Earth, and they also can be produced synthetically; they are chemically inert but do combine with oxygen at high temperatures, just as amorphous carbon does. Fullerene was serendipitously discovered in 1985 as a synthetic product in the course of laboratory experiments to simulate the chemistry in the atmosphere of giant stars. It was later found to occur naturally in tiny amounts on Earth and in meteorites. Q-carbon is also synthetic, but scientists have speculated that it could form within the hot environments of some planetary cores. The word carbon probably derives from the Latin carbo, meaning variously “coal,” “charcoal,” “ember.” The term diamond, a corruption of the Greek word adamas, “the invincible,” aptly describes the permanence of this crystallized form of carbon, just as graphite, the name for the other crystal form of carbon, derived from the Greek verb graphein, “to write,” reflects its property of leaving a dark mark when rubbed on a surface. Before the discovery in 1779 that graphite when burned in air forms carbon dioxide, graphite was confused with both the metal lead and a superficially similar substance, the mineral molybdenite.

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Pure diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is a poor conductor of electricity. Graphite, on the other hand, is a soft slippery solid that is a good conductor of both heat and electricity. Carbon as diamond is the most expensive and brilliant of all the natural gemstones and the hardest of the naturally occurring abrasives. Graphite is used as a lubricant. In microcrystalline and nearly amorphous form, it is used as a black pigment, as an adsorbent, as a fuel, as a filler for rubber, and, mixed with clay, as the “lead” of pencils. Because it conducts electricity but does not melt, graphite is also used for electrodes in electric furnaces and dry cells as well as for making crucibles in which metals are melted. Molecules of fullerene show promise in a range of applications, including high-tensile-strength materials, unique electronic and energy-storage devices, and safe encapsulation of flammable gases, such as hydrogen. Q-carbon, which is created by rapidly cooling a sample of elemental carbon whose temperature has been raised to 4,000 K (3,727 °C [6,740 °F]), is harder than diamond, and it can be used to manufacture diamond structures (such as diamond films and microneedles) within its matrix. Elemental carbon is nontoxic. Each of the “amorphous” forms of carbon has its own specific character, and, hence, each has its own particular applications. All are products of oxidation and other forms of decomposition of organic compounds. Coal and coke, for example, are used extensively as fuels. Charcoal is used as an absorptive and filtering agent and as a fuel and was once widely used as an ingredient in gunpowder. (Coals are elemental carbon mixed with varying amounts of carbon compounds. Coke and charcoal are nearly pure carbon.) In addition to its uses in making inks and paints, carbon black is added to the rubber used in tires to improve its wearing qualities. Bone black, or animal charcoal, can adsorb gases and colouring matter from many other materials. Carbon, either elemental or combined, is usually determined quantitatively by conversion to carbon dioxide gas, which can then be absorbed by other chemicals to give either a weighable product or a solution with acidic properties that can be titrated. Production of elemental carbon kimberliteUntil 1955 all diamonds were obtained from natural deposits, most significant in southern Africa but occurring also in Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, and Siberia. The single known source in the United States, in Arkansas, has no commercial importance; nor is India, once a source of fine diamonds, a significant present-day supplier. The primary source of diamonds is a soft bluish peridotic rock called kimberlite (after the famous deposit at Kimberley, South Africa), found in volcanic structures called pipes, but many diamonds occur in alluvial deposits presumably resulting from the weathering of primary sources. Isolated finds around the world in regions where no sources are indicated have not been uncommon. Natural deposits are worked by crushing, by gravity and flotation separations, and by removal of diamonds by their adherence to a layer of grease on a suitable table. The following products result: (1) diamond proper—distorted cubic crystalline gem-quality stones varying from colourless to red, pink, blue, green, or yellow; (2) bort—minute dark crystals of abrasive but not gem quality; (3) ballas—randomly oriented crystals of abrasive quality; (4) macles—triangular pillow-shaped crystals that are industrially useful; and (5) carbonado—mixed diamond–graphite crystallites containing other impurities. The successful laboratory conversion of graphite to diamond was made in 1955. The procedure involved the simultaneous use of extremely high pressure and temperature with iron as a solvent or catalyst. Subsequently, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and tantalum were substituted for iron. Synthetic diamonds are now manufactured in several countries and are being used increasingly in place of natural materials as industrial abrasives. Graphite occurs naturally in many areas, the deposits of major importance being in China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Russia, and Madagascar. Both surface- and deep-mining techniques are used, followed by flotation, but the major portion of commercial graphite is produced by heating petroleum coke in an electric furnace. A better crystallized form, known as pyrolytic graphite, is obtained from the decomposition of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons by heat. Graphite fibres of considerable tensile strength are obtained by carbonizing natural and synthetic organic fibres.

Carbon products are obtained by heating coal (to give coke), natural gas (to give blacks), or carbonaceous material of vegetable or animal origin, such as wood or bone (to give charcoal), at elevated temperatures in the presence of insufficient oxygen to allow combustion. The volatile by-products are recovered and used separately.

CARBON中文(繁體)翻譯：劍橋詞典

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carbonnoun uk

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B2 [ U ] (symbol C) a chemical element that exists in its pure form as diamond or graphite, and is an important part of other substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and animals

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They used carbon dating tests to authenticate the claim that the skeleton was 2 million years old.New legislation aims to reduce carbon emissions.The substance was identified as carbon.

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carbon的例句

carbon

In their simulations, they compare two economies that are optimized at each level of carbon targets.

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Implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration for rangelands.

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An ecosystem is a system controlled by the flow of energy, and substances such as water, carbon and phosphorus, exchanged among living things.

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If methane is a causal mechanism, the repetition of the negative carbon excursions could be accounted for by multiple releases of methane.

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Reproducibility of replicate analyses of standards was generally better than 0.1 for both carbon- and oxygen-isotope ratios.

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Finally, growing trees for energy would reduce another 2.2 tons of carbon per hectare in the village facility and 3.6 tons in the centralized facility.

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Only in the case of carbon monoxide does this conclusion not seem to hold, possibly because mitigation measures are much more limited.

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The attacking nucleophilic amino group (circled red) is blue, and the attacked carbonyl carbon green.

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रासायनिक मूलद्रव्य जे त्याच्या शुद्ध स्वरूपात हिरे किंवा ग्रॅफाइटमधे, कार्बन कोळसा व खनिज तेलाचा महत्वाचा घटक आहे. प्राणी आणि पक्षी ह्यामध्ये सुद्धा मुबलक प्रमाणात आढळते.…

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కర్బనం, ఒక రసాయన మూలకం. స్వచ్ఛమైన స్థితిలో వజ్రం మరియు గ్రాఫైట్ రూపాల్లో ఉంటుంది. బొగ్గు, చమురు వంటి పదార్థాలలో ముఖ్య భాగంగా ఉంటుంది. ఇంకా అన్ని మొక్కలు మరియు జంతువుల్లో కర్బనం ఉంటుంది.…

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কার্বন, যে রাসায়নিক উপাদান হীরে বা গ্রাফাইটে বিশুদ্ধভাবে থাকে এবং কয়লা বা তেল এর মতো অন্যান্য পদার্থের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ হিসেবে এবং সমস্ত উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণিদের মধ্যেও থাকে…

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英語-中文（繁體） 

 

Noun 

carbon (SUBSTANCE)

carbon (DOCUMENT)

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carbon是什么意思_carbon的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典

on是什么意思_carbon的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录carbon是什么意思_carbon用英语怎么说_carbon的翻译_carbon翻译成_carbon的中文意思_carbon怎么读,carbon的读音,carbon的用法,carbon的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津carbon高中/CET4/CET6/考研/TOEFL英 [ˈkɑːbən]美 [ˈkɑːrbən]释义常用高考讲解n.碳; 复写纸大小写变形:Carbon点击 人工翻译，了解更多 人工释义词态变化复数: carbons;实用场景例句全部复写纸碳精棒碳的carbon fibre碳纤维牛津词典He inserted the paper and two carbons.他放入了那张纸和两张复写纸。柯林斯高阶英语词典Application: mainly use to shave rust and oil paint.用途: 主要用来刮除铁锈和墙漆.期刊摘选Charcoal and diamond are allotropes of carbon.木炭和金刚石都是炭的同素异形物《现代英汉综合大词典》One theory about the existence of extraterrestrial life rests on the presence of carbon compounds in meteorites.地球外存在生命的理论是基于陨星上存在碳化合物质这一事实的.《简明英汉词典》Diamonds are pure carbon.钻石是纯净的碳.《简明英汉词典》The heavy traffic tinctures the air with carbon monoxide.繁忙的交通使空气里充满一氧化碳.《现代英汉综合大词典》Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to the greenhouse effect.二氧化碳太多是道致温室效应的最主要原因.《简明英汉词典》Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound.碳是一种(化学)元素, 而二氧化碳则是一种化合物.《简明英汉词典》Carbon rubs off on your hands.碳会沾手.《简明英汉词典》Pig iron may contain 4％ of carbon.生铁可含百分之四的碳.《现代英汉综合大词典》Carbon steels exist in three stable crystalline phases.碳素钢含有3种稳定的结晶状态.《简明英汉词典》The lime water has turned cloudy, therefore carbon dioxide has been produced during the experiment.石灰水变得混浊了, 可见在实验中有二氧化碳生成了.《简明英汉词典》She is a carbon copy of her sister.她跟她姐姐长得一模一样。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》the many isotopes of carbon碳的诸多同位素《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》a series of deaths caused by carbon monoxide poisoning一氧化碳中毒引起的一连串死亡《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》Carbon has a valency of 4.碳的化合价是4价。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》You can liquefy the carbon dioxide to separate it from the other constituents.可以将二氧化碳液化，以便和其他成分分开。柯林斯例句The two principal combustion products are water vapor and carbon dioxide.两种主要的燃烧产物是水蒸气和二氧化碳。柯林斯例句The limit for carbon monoxide is 4.5 per cent of the exhaust gas.尾气中一氧化碳的排放限量为4.5%。柯林斯例句In graphite sheets, carbon atoms bond together in rings.石墨层中的碳原子相互连接形成碳环。柯林斯例句Carbon dioxide is a necessary result of the oxidation of carbon compounds.碳化合物氧化后必然会产生二氧化碳。柯林斯例句The amount of carbon dioxide released by human activities such as burning coal and oil is small in comparison.相比之下，人类活动燃烧煤、石油等所释放的二氧化碳要少一些。柯林斯例句The emission of gases such as carbon dioxide should be stabilised at their present level.二氧化碳等气体的排放应该稳定在当前水平。柯林斯例句Now with this particular piece of instrumentation, you can actually spot individual carbon atoms.现在利用这件特定的仪器，就可以真正观察到单个碳原子了。柯林斯例句You can make your flights carbon neutral by planting trees to make up for the greenhouse gas emissions.可以通过植树对航空飞行进行碳中和，以抵消温室气体的排放。柯林斯例句This may provide a quick and accurate way of monitoring the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.这也许能提供一个监测空气中二氧化碳含量的既快又准的方法。柯林斯例句Both nicotine and carbon monoxide inhaled with cigarette smoking have been incriminated as causative factors.抽烟时吸入的尼古丁和一氧化碳都已经被标定为致病因素。柯林斯例句Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combine chemically to form carbohydrates and fats.碳、氢、氧化合形成碳水化合物和脂肪。柯林斯例句Methane is often regarded as the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide.甲烷常被认为是仅次于二氧化碳的重要温室气体。柯林斯例句收起实用场景例句真题例句全部四级六级高考考研We must cut carbon emissions by 80% from their 2006 levels by 2020, stabilize the world's population at eight billion by 2040, completely remove poverty, and restore forests and soils.出自-2016年6月阅读原文Mr Obama's plan to curb carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (排放), though necessary, will be far from cost-free, whatever his sunny speeches on the subject might suggest.出自-2013年6月阅读原文According to the author, Obama's plan to limit carbon dioxide emissions will by no means be inexpensive出自-2013年6月阅读原文And it would take an average of 65 years for the reduced carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one.出自-2010年6月阅读原文carbon emissions come from heating, cooling and powering our homes, offices and other buildings出自-2010年6月阅读原文However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars.2019年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section CPopping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe's stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found.2019年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section CWhile alternative estimates of the damage from carbon emissions differ, and it's especially hard to reckon the likely costs of possible catastrophic climate events, most estimates suggest substantial negative effects.出自-2017年6月阅读原文We need very broad participation to fully address the global tragedy that results when countries fail to take into account the negative impact of their carbon emissions on the rest of the world.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Unless renewables become cheap enough that substantial carbon deposits are left underground for a very long time, if not forever, the planet will likely be exposed to potentially catastrophic climate risks.出自-2017年6月阅读原文The result would be higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.出自-2017年6月阅读原文The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first.出自-2017年6月阅读原文The hope is that the success of COP 21 opens the door to future international agreement on carbon prices.出自-2017年6月阅读原文The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Setting the right carbon price will therefore efficiently align the costs paid by carbon users with the true social opportunity cost of using carbon.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.出自-2017年6月阅读原文In order to maximize global welfare, every country's carbon pricing should reflect not only the purely domestic damage from emissions, but also the damage to foreign countries.出自-2017年6月阅读原文If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Economic reasoning shows that the least expensive way for each country is to put a price on carbon emissions.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral ( ' , 附带的) costs.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber.出自-2017年6月阅读原文By raising relative demand for clean energy sources, a carbon price would also help align the market return to clean-energy innovation with its social return, spurring the refinement of existing technologies and the development of new ones.出自-2017年6月阅读原文And it would raise the demand for technologies such as carbon capture and storage, spurring their further development.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Agreement on an international carbon-price floor would be a good starting point in that process.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Action to restore appropriate price incentives, notably through corrective carbon pricing, is urgently needed to lower the risk of irreversible and potentially devastating effects of climate change.出自-2017年6月阅读原文A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes.出自-2017年6月阅读原文It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.出自-2016年12月阅读原文Politicians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions.出自-2015年12月阅读原文Despite mournful polar bears and charts showing carbon emissions soaring, most people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally.出自-2015年12月阅读原文Left alone, it was assumed, the world's rain forests would not only flourish but might even rescue us from disaster by absorbing the excess carbon dioxide and other planet-warming greenhouse gases.出自-2013年6月阅读原文Some scientists believe that the rise in carbon levels means that the Amazon and other rain forests in Asia and Africa may go from being assets in the battle against rising temperatures to liabilities出自-2013年6月阅读原文billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year - making forests the leading source of greenhouse gases.出自-2013年6月阅读原文Runaway fires pour even more carbon into the air, which increases temperatures, starting the whole vicious cycle all over again出自-2013年6月阅读原文Each burning season in the Amazon, fires deliberately set by frontier settlers and developers hurl up almost half a billion metric tons of carbon a year, placing Brazil among the top five contributors to greenhouse gases in the world.出自-2013年6月阅读原文carbon emissions are the leading cause of current global warming出自-2013年6月阅读原文The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases.出自-2013年6月阅读原文Its inability to curb the carbon emissions from industries出自-2013年6月阅读原文For a start, all animals, such as cows, pigs and sheep, always gas limed methane, which is the second most common green house gas after carbon dioxide.出自-2013年6月听力原文Many environmental experts now believe that methane is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide出自-2013年6月听力原文But its surface has been cooked and dried by an ocean of carbon dioxide, trapped in the burning death grip of a runaway greenhouse effect.2019年6月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section CDirect subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmo2017年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section BGrazing herds stimulate microbial activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon.2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section BHeating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide.2018年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section CPoliticians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions .2015年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section BThe carbon that we've put into the atmosphere keeps having a warming effect for 100 years, so we have to cut back rapidly now, because it would take a long time to work its way through into a response by the atmosphere.2016年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section CThe country is also planning to reduce its carbon footprint by 80-95% by 2050, sparking a shift to green energy in the country.2017年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section AAccording to the author, polluting industries should fight against carbon pollution.2017年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 题设But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.2016年高考英语上海卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.2017年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide into the ocean while giving off oxygen.2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when they exercise in one place for a long time.2015年高考英语湖北卷 阅读理解 阅读D 题设The idea is to get people fit and reduce their carbon footprint.2016年高考英语浙江卷（10月） 阅读理解 阅读B 原文This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.2016年高考英语上海卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.2017年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate.2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale has a tendency to form an invisible cloud around you head.2015年高考英语湖北卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.2015年高考英语湖北卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section ⅡEven as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section ⅡHelping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section ⅡOnly recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section ⅡThe climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section ⅡThe state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section ⅡThe strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.2019年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ收起真题例句英英释义Noun1. an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds2. a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon); used to transfer characters from the original to an under sheet of paper3. a copy made with carbon paper收起英英释义同义词blacksmoke行业词典医学碳：非金属的四价元素，金刚钻内所含的几乎是纯品，木炭、石墨和煤内所含的接近纯品。符号为C   原子序数为6   原子量为12.０11   碳精电极：由碳壳制成的电极，其中可包含药物   释义词态变化实用场景例句真题例句英英释义同义词行

Carbon - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table

Carbon

- Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table

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Glossary

Allotropes

Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Each allotrope has different physical properties.

For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below.

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Carbon

Discovery date

Prehistoric 

Discovered by

- 

Origin of the name

The name is derived from the Latin ‘carbo’, charcoal 

Allotropes

diamond, graphite, graphene, amorphous, fullerene

 

C

Carbon

 

6

12.011

 

 

Glossary

Group

A vertical column in the periodic table. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.

Period

A horizontal row in the periodic table. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right.

Block

Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f).

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom.

Electron configuration

The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas.

Melting point

The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs.

Boiling point

The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.

Density (g cm−3)

Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature.

Relative atomic mass

The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

CAS number

The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems.

Fact box

Fact box

Group

14 

Melting point

Sublimes at 3825°C, 6917°F, 4098 K 

Period

2 

Boiling point

Sublimes at 3825°C, 6917°F, 4098 K 

Block

p 

Density (g cm−3)

3.513 (diamond); 2.2 (graphite) 

Atomic number

6 

Relative atomic mass

12.011

 

State at 20°C

Solid 

Key isotopes

12C, 13C, 14C 

Electron configuration

[He] 2s22p2 

CAS number

7440-44-0 

ChemSpider ID

4575370

ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database

 

Glossary

Image explanation

Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture.

Appearance

The description of the element in its natural form.

Biological role

The role of the element in humans, animals and plants.

Natural abundance

Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially.

Uses and properties

Uses and properties

Image explanation

The three crowns represent the three major forms of the element in nature and carbon’s status as ‘King of the Elements’ in the periodic table.

Appearance

There are a number of pure forms of this element including graphite, diamond, fullerenes and graphene. Diamond is a colourless, transparent, crystalline solid and the hardest known material. Graphite is black and shiny but soft. The nano-forms, fullerenes and graphene, appear as black or dark brown, soot-like powders.

Uses

Carbon is unique among the elements in its ability to form strongly bonded chains, sealed off by hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons, extracted naturally as fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), are mostly used as fuels. A small but important fraction is used as a feedstock for the petrochemical industries producing polymers, fibres, paints, solvents and plastics etc. Impure carbon in the form of charcoal (from wood) and coke (from coal) is used in metal smelting. It is particularly important in the iron and steel industries. Graphite is used in pencils, to make brushes in electric motors and in furnace linings. Activated charcoal is used for purification and filtration. It is found in respirators and kitchen extractor hoods. Carbon fibre is finding many uses as a very strong, yet lightweight, material. It is currently used in tennis rackets, skis, fishing rods, rockets and aeroplanes.Industrial diamonds are used for cutting rocks and drilling. Diamond films are used to protect surfaces such as razor blades.The more recent discovery of carbon nanotubes, other fullerenes and atom-thin sheets of graphene has revolutionised hardware developments in the electronics industry and in nanotechnology generally.150 years ago the natural concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere was 280 ppm. In 2013, as a result of combusting fossil fuels with oxygen, there was 390 ppm. Atmospheric carbon dioxide allows visible light in but prevents some infrared escaping (the natural greenhouse effect). This keeps the Earth warm enough to sustain life. However, an enhanced greenhouse effect is underway, due to a human-induced rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide. This is affecting living things as our climate changes.

Biological role

Carbon is essential to life. This is because it is able to form a huge variety of chains of different lengths. It was once thought that the carbon-based molecules of life could only be obtained from living things. They were thought to contain a ‘spark of life’. However, in 1828, urea was synthesised from inorganic reagents and the branches of organic and inorganic chemistry were united. Living things get almost all their carbon from carbon dioxide, either from the atmosphere or dissolved in water. Photosynthesis by green plants and photosynthetic plankton uses energy from the sun to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen is released to the atmosphere, fresh water and seas, and the hydrogen joins with carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates. Some of the carbohydrates are used, along with nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements, to form the other monomer molecules of life. These include bases and sugars for RNA and DNA, and amino acids for proteins. Living things that do not photosynthesise have to rely on consuming other living things for their source of carbon molecules. Their digestive systems break carbohydrates into monomers that they can use to build their own cellular structures. Respiration provides the energy needed for these reactions. In respiration oxygen rejoins carbohydrates, to form carbon dioxide and water again. The energy released in this reaction is made available for the cells.

Natural abundance

Carbon is found in the sun and other stars, formed from the debris of a previous supernova. It is built up by nuclear fusion in bigger stars. It is present in the atmospheres of many planets, usually as carbon dioxide. On Earth, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is currently 390 ppm and rising. Graphite is found naturally in many locations. Diamond is found in the form of microscopic crystals in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in the mineral kimberlite, sources of which are in Russia, Botswana, DR Congo, Canada and South Africa. In combination, carbon is found in all living things. It is also found in fossilised remains in the form of hydrocarbons (natural gas, crude oil, oil shales, coal etc) and carbonates (chalk, limestone, dolomite etc).

 

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History

History

Elements and Periodic Table History

Carbon occurs naturally as anthracite (a type of coal), graphite, and diamond. More readily available historically was soot or charcoal. Ultimately these various materials were recognised as forms of the same element. Not surprisingly, diamond posed the greatest difficulty of identification. Naturalist Giuseppe Averani and medic Cipriano Targioni of Florence were the first to discover that diamonds could be destroyed by heating. In 1694 they focussed sunlight on to a diamond using a large magnifying glass and the gem eventually disappeared. Pierre-Joseph Macquer and Godefroy de Villetaneuse repeated the experiment in 1771. Then, in 1796, the English chemist Smithson Tennant finally proved that diamond was just a form of carbon by showing that as it burned it formed only CO2.

 

Glossary

Atomic radius, non-bonded

Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. These values were determined using several different methods.

Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination.

Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed.

Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale.

First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state.

Atomic data

Atomic data

Atomic radius, non-bonded (Å)

1.70

Covalent radius (Å)

0.75

Electron affinity (kJ mol−1)

121.776

Electronegativity (Pauling scale)

2.55

Ionisation energies (kJ mol−1) 

1st

1086.454

2nd

2352.631

3rd

4620.471

4th

6222.716

5th

37830.648

6th

47277.174

7th

-

8th

-

 

Glossary

Bond enthalpy (kJ mol−1)A measure of how much energy is needed to break all of the bonds of the same type in one mole of gaseous molecules.

Bond enthalpies

Bond enthalpies

Covalent bond

Enthalpy (kJ mol−1)

Found in

C–C

345.6

general

C=C

610

general

C≡C

835.1

general

C–N

304.6

general

C=N

615

general

C≡N

889.5

general

C–F

485

CF4

C–Cl

339

general

C–Cl

327.2

CCl4

C–I

218

general

C–I

213

CH3I

C–Br

285

general

C–H

413

general

C–H

415.5

CH4

C–O

357.7

general

C=O

803

CO2

C=O

695

HCHO

C=O

736

aldehydes

C=O

749

ketones

C–O

335.6

CH3OH

C–Si

301

(CH3)4Si

 

Glossary

Common oxidation states

The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Key for isotopes

Half life

 

y

years

 

d

days

 

h

hours

 

m

minutes

 

s

seconds

Mode of decay

 

α

alpha particle emission

 

β

negative beta (electron) emission

 

β+

positron emission

 

EC

orbital electron capture

 

sf

spontaneous fission

 

ββ

double beta emission

 

ECEC

double orbital electron capture

Oxidation states and isotopes

Oxidation states and isotopes

Common oxidation states

4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, - 2, -3, -4

Isotopes

Isotope

Atomic mass

Natural abundance (%)

Half life

Mode of decay

 

12C

12.000

98.93

- 

- 

 

13C

13.003

1.07

- 

- 

 

14C

14.003

-

5715 y 

β- 

 

Glossary

Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey.

Relative supply risk

An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores.

Crustal abundance (ppm)

The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earth’s crust.

Recycling rate

The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply.

Substitutability

The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity.

High = substitution not possible or very difficult.

Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact

Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact

Production concentration

The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.

Reserve distribution

The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.

Political stability of top producer

A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Political stability of top reserve holder

A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Supply risk

Supply risk

Coal

Diamond

Graphite

Coal

Relative supply risk

4.5

Crustal abundance (ppm)

200

Recycling rate (%)

Unknown

Substitutability

Unknown

Production concentration (%)

46

Reserve distribution (%)

28

Top 3 producers

1) China

2) USA

3) India

Top 3 reserve holders

1) USA

2) Russia

3) China

Political stability of top producer

24.1

Political stability of top reserve holder

56.6

Diamond

Relative supply risk

6.2

Crustal abundance (ppm)

200

Recycling rate (%)

Unknown

Substitutability

Unknown

Production concentration (%)

27

Reserve distribution (%)

25

Top 3 producers

1) Russia

2) Botswana

3) DRC

Top 3 reserve holders

1) DRC

2) Botswana

3) Australia

Political stability of top producer

18.4

Political stability of top reserve holder

2.8

Graphite

Relative supply risk

8.1

Crustal abundance (ppm)

200

Recycling rate (%)

Unknown

Substitutability

Medium

Production concentration (%)

84

Reserve distribution (%)

71

Top 3 producers

1) China

2) India

3) Brazil

Top 3 reserve holders

1) China

2) India

3) Mexico

Political stability of top producer

24.1

Political stability of top reserve holder

24.1

 

Glossary

Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K.

Young's modulus

A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain.

Shear modulus

A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain.

Bulk modulus

A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume.

Vapour pressure

A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system.

Pressure and temperature data – advanced

Pressure and temperature data – advanced

Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)

709 (graphite)

Young's modulus (GPa)

Unknown

Shear modulus (GPa)

Unknown

Bulk modulus (GPa)

542 (diamond);33 (graphite)

Vapour pressure

 

Temperature (K)

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Pressure (Pa)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

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Podcasts

Podcasts

Listen to Carbon Podcast

Transcript :

Chemistry in its element: carbon (Promo)You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.(End promo)Chris SmithHello, this week to the element that unites weddings, wars, conflicts and cremations and to explain how, here's Katherine Holt.Katherine HoltAny chemist could talk for days about carbon. It is after all an everyday, run-of-the-mill, found-in-pretty-much-everything, ubiquitous element for us carbon-based life forms. An entire branch of chemistry is devoted to its reactions. In its elemental form it throws up some surprises in the contrasting and fascinating forms of its allotropes. It seems that every few years a new form of carbon comes into fashion - A few years ago carbon nanotubes were the new black (or should I say 'the new bucky-ball') - but graphene is oh-so-now! But today I'm going to talk about the most glamorous form that carbon can take - diamond. For millennia diamond has been associated with wealth and riches, as it can be cut to form gemstones of high clarity, brilliance and permanence. Diamonds truly are forever! Unfortunately, diamond also has a dark side - the greed that diamond induces leads to the trade of so-called 'conflict diamonds' that support and fund civil wars. Mans desire for diamond has led alchemists and chemists over many centuries to attempt to synthesise the material. After many fraudulous early claims diamond was finally synthesised artificially in the 1950s. Scientists took their inspiration from nature by noting the conditions under which diamond is formed naturally, deep under the earth's crust. They therefore used high temperatures (over 3000oC) and high pressures (>130 atms) to turn graphite into carbon. This was an impressive feat, but the extreme conditions required made it prohibitively expensive as a commercial process. Since then the process has been refined and the use of metal catalysts means that lower temperatures and pressures are required. Crystals of a few micron diameter can be formed in a few minutes, but a 2-carat gem quality crystal may takes several weeks. These techniques mean its now possible to artificially synthesise gemstone quality diamonds which, without the help of specialist equipment, cannot be distinguished from natural diamond. It goes without saying that this could cause headaches among the companies that trade in natural diamond! It is possible to turn any carbon based material into a diamond - including hair and even cremating remains! Yes - you can turn your dearly departed pet into a diamond to keep forever if you want to! Artificial diamonds are chemically and physical identical to the natural stones and come without the ethical baggage. However, psychologically their remains a barrier - if he really loves you he'd buy you real diamond - wouldn't he? From the perspective of a chemist, materials scientist or engineer we soon run out of superlatives while describing the amazing physical, electronic and chemical properties of diamond. It is the hardest material known to man and more or less inert - able to withstand the strongest and most corrosive of acids. It has the highest thermal conductivity of any material, so is excellent at dissipating heat. That is why diamonds are always cold to the touch. Having a wide band gap, it is the text book example of an insulating material and for the same reason has amazing transparency and optical properties over the widest range of wavelengths of any solid material. You can see then why diamond is exciting to scientists. Its hardness and inert nature suggest applications as protective coatings against abrasion, chemical corrosion and radiation damage. Its high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation cry out for uses in high powered electronics. Its optical properties are ideal for windows and lenses and its biocompatibility could be exploited in coatings for implants. These properties have been known for centuries - so why then is the use of diamond not more widespread? The reason is that natural diamond and diamonds formed by high pressure high temperature synthesis are of limited size - usually a few millimeters at most, and can only be cut and shaped along specific crystal faces. This prevents the use of diamond in most of the suggested applications.However, about 20 years ago scientists discovered a new way to synthesise diamond this time under low pressure, high temperature conditions, using chemical vapour deposition. If one were to consider the thermodynamic stability of carbon, we would find that at room temperature and pressure the most stable form of carbon is actually graphite, not diamond. Strictly speaking, from a purely energetic or thermodynamic point of view, diamond should spontaneously turn into graphite under ambient conditions! Clearly this doesn't happen and that is because the energy required to break the strong bonds in diamond and rearrange them to form graphite requires a large input of energy and so the whole process is so slow that on the scale of millennia the reaction does not take place. It is this metastability of diamond that is exploited in chemical vapour deposition. A gas mixture of 99 % hydrogen and 1 % of methane is used and some activation source like a hot filament employed to produce highly reactive hydrogen and methyl radicals. The carbon-based molecules then deposit on a surface to form a coating or thin film of diamond. Actually both graphite and diamond are initially formed, but under these highly reactive conditions, the graphitic deposits are etched off the surface, leaving only the diamond. The films are polycrystalline, consisting of crystallites in the micron size range so lack the clarity and brilliance of gemstone diamond. While they may not be as pretty, these diamond films can be deposited on a range of surfaces of different size and shapes and so hugely increase the potential applications of diamond. Challenges still remain to understand the complex chemistry of the intercrystalline boundaries and surface chemistry of the films and to learn how best to exploit them. This material will be keeping chemists, materials scientists, physicists and engineers busy for many years to come. However, at present we can all agree that there is more to diamond than just a pretty face! Chris SmithKatherine Holt extolling the virtues of the jewel in carbon's crown. Next week we're heading to the top of group one to hear the story of the metal that revolutionised the treatment of manic depression.Matt Wilkinson Its calming effect on the brain was first noted in 1949, by an Australian doctor, John Cade, of the Victoria Department of Mental Hygiene. He had injected guinea pigs with a 0.5% solution of lithium carbonate, and to his surprise these normally highly-strung animals became docile. Cade then gave his most mentally disturbed patient an injection of the same solution. The man responded so well that within days he was transferred to a normal hospital ward and was soon back at work.Chris SmithAnd it's still used today although despite 50 years of medical progress we still don't know how it works. That was Matt Wilkinson who will be here with the story of Lithium on next week's Chemistry in its Element, I do hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. (Promo)Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.com. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.org/elements.(End promo)

 

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References

References

Visual Elements images and videos© Murray Robertson 1998-2017. DataW. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 95th Edition, Internet Version 2015, accessed December 2014.

Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, Kaye & Laby Online, 16th edition, 1995. Version 1.0 (2005), accessed December 2014.

J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai, and R. A. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 4.1), 2015, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, accessed November 2016.

T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, Butterworth, London, 1954. Uses and propertiesJohn Emsley, Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, New York, 2nd Edition, 2011.

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education, It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements, accessed December 2014.

Periodic Table of Videos, accessed December 2014. Supply risk dataDerived in part from material provided by the British Geological Survey © NERC. History textElements 1-112, 114, 116 and 117 © John Emsley 2012. Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 © Royal Society of Chemistry 2017. PodcastsProduced by The Naked Scientists. Periodic Table of Videos

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Carbon cycle | Definition, Steps, Importance, Diagram, & Facts | Britannica

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University of California Museum of Paleontology - Understanding Global Change - Carbon cycle

Biology LibreTexts - Carbon Cycle

AVT Government - What is a carbon budget?

Energy.gov - DOE Explains...the Carbon Cycle

Khan Academy - The carbon cycle

United States Carbon Cycle Science Program - What is the Carbon Cycle? What is the science behind it?

NASA - Earth Observatory - The Carbon Cycle

University of Minnesota Libraries - Environmental Biology - Climate Change: The Carbon Cycle

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research - Kids Crossing - The Carbon Cycle

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External Websites

University of California Museum of Paleontology - Understanding Global Change - Carbon cycle

Biology LibreTexts - Carbon Cycle

AVT Government - What is a carbon budget?

Energy.gov - DOE Explains...the Carbon Cycle

Khan Academy - The carbon cycle

United States Carbon Cycle Science Program - What is the Carbon Cycle? What is the science behind it?

NASA - Earth Observatory - The Carbon Cycle

University of Minnesota Libraries - Environmental Biology - Climate Change: The Carbon Cycle

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research - Kids Crossing - The Carbon Cycle

Also known as: carbon budget

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Last Updated:

Jan 12, 2024

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Table of Contents

carbon cycle

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Category:

Animals & Nature

Related Topics:

carbon

biogeochemical cycle

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Know about carbon and why it is called the element of lifeLearn about carbon and how it forms the basis of life.(more)See all videos for this articlecarbon cycle, in biology, circulation of carbon in various forms through nature. Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds, many of which are essential to life on Earth. The source of the carbon found in living matter is carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air or dissolved in water. Algae and terrestrial green plants (producers) are the chief agents of carbon dioxide fixation through the process of photosynthesis, through which carbon dioxide and water are converted into simple carbohydrates. These compounds are used by the producers to carry on metabolism, the excess being stored as fats and polysaccharides. The stored products are then eaten by consumer organisms, from protozoans to man, which convert them into other forms. CO2 is added directly to the atmosphere by animals and some other organisms as a by-product of respiration. The carbon present in animal wastes and in the bodies of all organisms is released as CO2 by decay, or decomposer, organisms (chiefly bacteria and fungi) in a series of microbial transformations.

Part of the organic carbon—the remains of organisms—has accumulated in Earth’s crust as fossil fuels (e.g., coal, gas, and petroleum), limestone, and coral. The carbon of fossil fuels, removed from the cycle in prehistoric time, is now being released in vast amounts as CO2 through industrial and agricultural processes, much of it quickly passing into the oceans and there being “fixed” as carbonates. If oxygen is scarce (as in sewage, marshes, and swamps), some carbon is released as methane gas.

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Michele Metych.