比特派钱包app安卓下载最新版本|ainu

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比特派钱包app安卓下载最新版本|ainu

作者：比特派钱包app安卓下载最新版本

2024-03-07 16:57:25

阿伊努人_百度百科

_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心阿伊努人播报讨论上传视频日本北方的一个原住民族群收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10阿伊努人（阿伊努语：Ainu、苦夷），是日本北方的一个原住民族群，或译爱努人、爱奴人、阿衣奴人（元代、明代：骨嵬、苦夷和库野），是居住在库页岛和北海道、千岛群岛及堪察加的原住民。在阿伊努语中，“阿伊努”即“人”的意思。很多阿伊努人都希望人们称谓他们为“ウタリ”（日语罗马拼音：Utari，阿伊努语中“伙伴”的意思）。在官方文献中，“阿伊努”和“乌塔利”此两种称呼都有。在日本，因为与大和族通婚及同化，纯阿伊努族基本上消失。 [1]官方估计，人口约25,000，非官方数字为200,000人以上。很多中文文献直接用日本历史上曾经出现过的虾夷人来称呼阿伊努人，而认为这两者是同一个族群（例如经济部投资业务处），惟此种观点具有争议性。历史上，阿伊努人亦曾经在日本本州北部居住过。根据北海道政府在1984年进行的调查资料，当时在北海道有24,381个阿伊努人。不过，很多阿伊努人都倾向隐藏他们自己的族群性，或者根本不知道自己的族源，因此，现存阿伊努人比较精确的人口数目难以得知。俄罗斯帝国于1897年的人口普查中，有1,446人在俄罗斯帝国使用阿伊努语作为母语，在库页岛上有1,434人。中文名阿伊努人外文名Ainuアイヌ别名爱努人、爱奴人、阿衣奴人国籍日本民族阿伊努族居住俄罗斯库页岛和日本北海道目录1民族介绍2民族历史3风俗文化4法律地位民族介绍播报编辑阿依努人蒙古人种和欧罗巴人种（白种人）的混合类型，皮肤比较黑，五官具有着欧罗巴人种的典型特征。在阿伊努语中，“阿伊努”是“人”的意思。很多阿伊努人不喜欢“阿伊努”这个称谓，而希望人们称他们为“ウタリ”(日语罗马拼音：Utari，音“乌塔里”，阿伊努语中“伙伴”的意思)。在官方的正式文献中，则“阿伊努”和“乌塔里”这两种称呼都可以被找到。在阿伊努文化中，最典型的是万物有灵信仰（Animistic faith），阿依努语（Ainu language）和口头的传统（oral tradition）。亚洲东部日本国的蛮夷。古文献亦称“虾夷”。主要分布在北海道。“阿伊努”一词，在该族语言中是“人”的意思。旧石器时代末期或新石器时代早期曾广泛分布于日本列岛。18世纪以前在坎察加，20世纪以前在库页岛南部、千岛群岛、本州北部也有分布，后被迫退缩至住地。在十七至十八世纪，阿伊努族大部被消灭，人口逐渐减少，现仅存2.4万人(1980)。属于蒙古人种和欧罗巴人种混合类型。身材比和族稍矮，肤色淡褐，头发黑色呈波状，有着欧罗巴人种的面孔，体毛发达。多年来与和族通婚，纯血统后裔逐年减少。使用阿伊努语，系属不详。分口语、雅语。有用雅语传述的民间故事和叙事诗,现仅在老年中流传。一般中、青年人皆通日语。信仰万物有灵和多神，崇拜祖先。以前，每年皆举行隆重的“熊祭”和“鲑祭”。妇女多于口部周围、前腕和手背文身。长期从事渔猎，近年大多转事农耕。古时曾以鸟羽、兽皮、鱼皮制衣；以鸟兽鱼肉为主食。擅长制作和驾驶独木舟。有独特的木架茅屋。衣食住行，已与和族无别。民族历史播报编辑阿依努人有人认为，他们的祖先是新石器时期早期（约六、七千年以前）就从东南亚迁居到日本。某些学者认为，阿伊努族人是阿拉伯移民，他们在某个时期控制了远东广大地区后分布在本州岛等岛屿。随着日本的一些部族逐渐向北方移民，他们的地盘日益缩小。 [1]从公元七世纪后半期起阿伊努人被称为“虾夷”，系夷狄之意，这是日本其他民族和统治者对他们的称呼 [1]。大约从公元十四世纪中叶起逐渐地改称为阿伊努人。“阿伊努”一词，在该族语言中是“人”的意思。从公元十六世纪起有一部分阿伊努族人迁移到库页岛一带。在十七至十八世纪，阿伊努族大部被消灭，仅剩下不足二万人，大部分移住在北海道岛中部和北部的日高、旭川、钏路等地，少数远移库页岛和千岛群岛一带，也有一部分散居在本州的一些地方。 [1]历史上，日本一直倾向于强调自己的国家是 " 单一民族 "，阿伊努人被当作 " 蛮夷之民 "，受到日本主体民族即大和族的歧视和压迫。1899年，日本政府颁布《北海道旧土人保护法》，宣布阿伊努人是大和民族的 " 支脉 "，并强制阿伊努人迁入所谓 " 给予地 " 进行管制。二战后，日本修改该法律，并采取了一些改善阿伊努人待遇的政策，但阿伊努人的社会文化遗产仍被认为未得到足够的尊重和保护。1997年，日本政府颁布的《阿伊努文化振兴法》，终止了由1899年颁布的《北海道旧土人保护法》开启的强制同化阿伊努人的境况。 [2]风俗文化播报编辑阿伊努人有自己的节日和祭祀活动，最有名的是“熊祭”，他们喜欢用凿子在剥了皮的圆木上雕刻动物，尤其是熊的形象，日本称之为“阿伊努雕”。阿伊努人具有丰富的文化遗产，善于刺绣，喜爱舞蹈。他们创作了不少诗歌，凭着记忆代代相传。有一部分从历史上流传下来的阿伊努族语的长篇叙事诗，内容丰富，朗诵一遍都需要很长的时间。阿伊努人有自己的语言——阿伊努语，属抱合语。这是一种独立的语言，属于马来—波利尼西亚语系。世界上除阿伊努人以外，只有爱斯基摩人和美国印第安人使用这种语言。日本东北部的地名，许多来源于阿伊努语。如:“札幌”，原意为“大的河谷”；“小樽”，原意为“砂川”；“名寄”，原意为“乌鸦出没的城市”等。阿伊努民族对日本列岛的开发，包括文化发展是有贡献的。近年来，日本国内成立了专门机构研究阿伊努语，并出版了代表阿伊努民族文化的许多古籍。另外，研究阿伊努族历史，也是远东考古学家的重要研究课题之一。他们经常就这个问题举行国际会晤，进行科学考察。但是，在日本从事阿伊努族问题研究的人极少，因此，阿伊努族的古老文化仍受到灭绝的威胁。 [1]法律地位播报编辑阿伊努人(8张)2019年4月19日，日本国会参议院全体会议以多数赞成票通过了新法《阿伊努民族支援法》，首次在法律中写明阿伊努人是 " 原住民族 "，创设了旨在维持与振兴其独有文化的补贴制度。该法由此正式成为法律，这也是日本政府首次以法律形式承认了阿伊努人的 " 原住民 " 地位 [2]。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

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阿伊努语_百度百科

_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心阿伊努语播报讨论上传视频日本原住民阿伊努人的语言收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10阿伊努语（英语：Ainu languages；日语：アイヌ語），也称爱努语，是日本原住民阿伊努人的语言，阿伊努（ainu）在阿伊努语的意思就是“人”。母语人数只有10 [1]（2007年），属于的孤立语言，其系属一直有争议，2015年使用自动相似性判断程序进行分析（语言学上的同源词比较），令日本语系、阿伊努语和南亚语系归为一组。阿伊努语分为北海道阿伊努语、千岛阿伊努语和桦太阿伊努语，其中北海道阿伊努语母语者只剩10人（2007年），后两种方言因阿伊努人浅井タケ（1902—1994）的去世而灭绝。阿伊努语一直没有文字，近年由于Unicode的普及，日本政府 [2]开始用假名为他们创制文字。阿伊努语一度至少有过19种方言，但10年前，方言已减少到只有两个：Tsishima话和Shigeru话。现时大多数能使用该语言的都是老年阿伊努人，他们散居在本州北部、北海道、千岛群岛及库页岛南部一带。从上古日语的发音来看，日语的底层很可能是阿伊努语或另外一种未知名称的绳文语。中文名阿伊努语外文名日语：アイヌ語；英语：Ainu language语言系属不明使用族群阿伊努人地区日本、俄罗斯目录1状况▪历史背景▪阿伊努语的现状▪拯救阿伊努语2基本介绍▪音素▪音变▪音高▪语法▪书写文字▪基本音节▪双元音▪底层语汇▪其他词汇状况播报编辑历史背景有阿依努语的指示牌（第二行）近年来阿伊努语的社会地位大有改善，越来越多人愿意学习阿伊努语。虽然从类型学的角度来看，阿伊努语和日语有相似之处，但是一般认为，阿伊努语仍然是一种独立的语言，没有已知的证据显示它和其他语言有任何关联性。有时它会和古西伯利亚语言归类再一起，不过那并不算是一个正式的语言系属分类。大部分的语言学家相信阿依努语和尼赫夫语所共用的词汇事实上是一种外来词的应用；阿伊努语和日语之间也有类似的共用词汇。另外还有学者发表阿伊努语和日语及阿尔泰语系关系的论述（Patrie 1982），但并没有获得其它专家的支持。近年来，以日语学家Shichiro Murayama为首的学者们，企图借由字汇和文化的比较来建立起阿伊努语和南岛语系的关系。Alexander Vovin （1993）也曾发表证据证明阿伊努语和南岛语系的关系，但之后他承认那是一个不成熟的假设。阿伊努语的现状虽然近年仍然使用阿伊努语的人口已变得非常少，但由于不少人担心阿伊努语会消亡，所以开始重新学习。根据1996年的统计数据推定，阿依努语现时有语言人口约一万五千人，其中能操流利阿依努语的人只余下15人。 [1]现时在千岛群岛及库页岛已不再有以阿依努语为母语的人口；而在北海道，以阿伊努语为母语的人不足十人，他们的平均年龄都已超过80岁。由于担心在没有人继承的情况下，阿伊努语会从人类历史中消失，学者在1970年代开始为阿伊努语作录音及词汇记录，尽可能为这语言保存记录。不过，从1990年代，学习阿伊努语的日本人开始增加。各大城市除了有学习会之外，亦促使了各种阿伊努语的辞典出版。拯救阿伊努语阿伊努语在过去的几十年来一直面临失传的威胁，是一个即将消逝的语言。在日本，十五万个自称阿伊努的人（还有许多的阿伊努族人则是根本不知道自己的出身或者因为担心遭受歧视而隐藏身份）只能说日语。1980年代末期，居住在北海道平取町的二风谷镇里的一百个能说阿伊努语的人当中，只有十五个人每天都说阿伊努语。当前无法用一个确切的数字来表示还有多少人能说阿伊努语。根据估计，北海道可能还有一千个以阿伊努为母语的人，而且大部分都已过而立之年。将阿伊努当作是第二语言的学习者则已经超过了当作母语使用的人。虽然如此，阿伊努语的使用人数正在成长当中。近年有一个语言复兴运动正在热烈的进行着－主要在北海道但是其他地区也有－希望能扭转长久以来使用人数下降的趋势。这样的运动确实增加第二语言的学习者，尤其是在北海道地区。而这个运动的发起人便是一个著名的阿伊努民俗学者，同时也曾经担任国会议员的萱野茂——他本身便是个地道的阿伊努人。基本介绍播报编辑音素元音aiueo辅音ptktsmnshwjɾ 音变跟日语一样，/i/音在/t/和/s/之后都会产生颚音化现象，使/ti/变成为[t∫i]、/si/和结尾的/-s/变成为[∫]。不同地方的方言可能会有所差异，例如，在沙卡林地区的方言，音节结尾的/p/、/t/、/k/、/r/都同化了变成/h/。音高阿伊努语有音高。通常一个由词根及词缀组成的词语，词根的音高会较高。若词语只有一个音节，或有双元音的话，高音会落在开首的音节。否则的话，高音都在第二音节。语法阿伊努语的语序如下：基本语序：主词─受词─动词（SOV）介词多为后置词，即介词置于其所支配的名词后。数词、形容词、指示词和关系子句等置于被修饰词前方。阿伊努语的名词可以群聚在一起互相修饰，主要的名词通常放在最后面。动词则有及物或非及物的区别，而且可加上多种的字尾组合成许多衍生字；另除了一般的被动语态外，阿伊努语尚有所谓的应动语态，以将多种补语论元所扮演的角色的含意给“抬入”核心论元中。Yukar中的阿伊努语，也就是所谓的古典阿伊努语，是多式综合语，并有插入（incorporation）的现象存在，但现今口语的阿伊努语已大幅简化。阿伊努语有众数动词这个封闭词类存在，其中一些呈现异干互补的现象。书写文字阿伊努语的官方文字 [3]是采用一种改良版的片假名来书写，但亦有人采用拉丁字母。阿伊努有自己的报章《阿伊努时报》，而这份报纸是同时采用两种文字印刷。Unicode为阿伊努拨出了片假名拼音延伸区段（31F0-31FF）出来。这些延伸片假名主要用于标示阿伊努的尾音。基本音节基本音节-aiueoア（a）イ（i）ウ（u）エ（e）オ（o）kカ（ka）キ（ki）ク（ku）ケ（ke）コ（ko）ㇰ（-k） sシャ/サ（sa）シ（si）シュ/ス（su）セ（se）ソ（so）tタ（ta）チ（ci）ト゚/トゥ/ツ゚（tu）テ（te）ト（to）cチャ（ca）チ（ci）ツ・チュ（cu）セ゚/チェ（ce）チョ（co）nナ（na）ニ（ni）ヌ（nu）ネ（ne）ノ（no）ㇴ（-n）hハ（ha）ヒ（hi）フ（hu）ヘ（he）ホ（ho）pパ（pa）ピ（pi）プ（pu）ペ（pe）ポ（po）ㇷ゚（-p）mマ（ma）ミ（mi）ム（mu）メ（me）モ（mo）ㇺ（-m）yヤ（ya）- ユ（yu）イェ（ye）ヨ（yo）rラ（ra）リ（ri）ル（ru）レ（re）ロ（ro）ㇻ（-ar）ㇼ（-ir）ㇽ（-ur）ㇾ（-er）ㇿ（-or）wワ（wa）ウィ / ヰ（wi）- ウェ / ヱ（we）ウォ / ヲ（wo）双元音双元音カィクィコィカゥキゥケゥコゥケィ底层语汇根据美国学者 [3]斯瓦迪士（Morris Swadesh，1909—1967）设置的Swadesh list，阿伊努语的同源词（底层语）如下：1.く-・クアニ2.エ-・エアニ3.シヌマ4.ア-・-アン5.エチ-・エチオカ6.オカ7.タンぺ8.トアンペ9.テ10.トアンウㇱペ11.ネン・フンナ12.ネㇷ゚13.フナㇰ14.ヘンパラ15.マㇰアンㇰ16.ソモ17.オピッタ18.ポロンノ19.ポンノ20.ポロ21.オヤ22.シネ23.トゥ24.レ25.イネ26.アシㇰネ27.ポロ28.タンネ29.セㇷ30.イロンネ31.パセ32.ポン33.タㇰ34.フㇶネ35.アネ36.メノコ37.オㇰカヨ38.アイヌ39.ポンペ40.マッ41.ホクフ42.ハポ・ウヌ43.ミチ・アチヤ・オナ44.シㇰヌㇷ゚45.チェプ46.チカプ47.セタ48.キ・ウㇻキ・ラヨキ49.タンネㇰカムイ50.キキㇽ51.ニ52.ニタイ53.ニテㇰ54.ニカオㇷ゚55.ピ・タネ56.ハㇺ57.ニシンリㇳ58.ニカㇷ゚59.ノンノ60.キナ61.ト゚ㇱ62.カㇷ゚63.カム64.ケㇺ65.ポネ66.キㇼ67.ノㇰ68.キㇼアワ69.サㇻ70.ラㇷ゚71.オトㇷ゚72.サナ73.キサㇻ74.シㇰ75.エトゥ76.パㇷ゚77.ニマㇰ78.パㇻウンペ79.アㇺ80.ウレ81.ケマ82.コㇰカㇱ83.テㇰ84.テㇰクㇷ゚85.ホン86.カンカン87.レㇰ88.セト゚ㇽ89.トㇳト・ペンレㇺ90.サンベ91.キノ92.ク・イク93.エ・イペ94.クパ95.ニ96.トㇷ゚セ97.アト゚98.アㇱ99.ヘセ100.ミナ101.ヌカㇻ102.ヌ103.エㇾ104.ラム・ヤイヌ105.フララㇷ゚カㇻ106.シトマ107.モコㇿ108.シㇰヌ109.ライ110.ライケ・ロンヌ111.ト゚ミカㇻ112.ラマンテ113.キㇰ114.ト゚イェ・ト゚イパ115.ペㇾパ116.オㇳケ117.ケㇾ・ケリ118.オウリ・オウㇽパ119.マ120.ホプニ・ホプンパ121.アㇷ゚パ122.エㇰ・アㇻキ123.ホㇳケ124.ケㇾ・ケリ125.アㇱ126.シカリ127.カチㇼ128.コレ129.アニ・アンパ130.ヌンパ131.シル132.フライエ・フライパ133.ピル・ピㇼパ134.エㇳアイエ・135.オプト゚イェ・オプト゚パ136.エヤㇷ゚キㇼ・ヤㇷ゚キㇼ137.シナ138.ニンニス139.ピㇱキ140.キイェ・イタㇰ141.シノㇳチヤキ142.シノㇳ143.ペカンケ144.モㇺ145.ルプㇱ146.プㇳケ147.ツㇷ゚・トカㇷ゚ツㇷ゚148.ツㇷ゚・クンネツㇷ゚149.ノチゥ150.ワッカ151.ルヤンペ152.ペツ153.ト154.アト゚イ155.アㇷ゚ト156.スマ157.オタ158.パナ159.トイトイ160.ニㇱクㇽ161.ウラㇻ162.カント163.レラ164.ウパシ165.コンル166.スプヤ167.アぺ168.ウナ169.ウフイ170.ル171.ヌプリ172.フレ173.シウニン174.シウニン175.レタル176.クンネ177.クンネ178.ト179.パ180.シㇼポㇷ゚ケ181.メアン182.シㇰ183.アシリ184.フシコ185.ピリカ186.ウェン187.ムニウ188.イチヤㇰケレ189.オウペカ190.シㇰアニ191.エエン192.エヌカㇻ193.ララㇰ194.テイネ195.サッ196.オウペカ197.ハンケ198.ト゚イマ199.シモイサㇺ200.ハㇻキサㇺ201.タ202.タ203.ト゚ラ204.ワ205.ヤクン206.クス207.レ其他词汇文字书写可以用片假名，或用拉丁字母均可。I yay rayke re. — 谢谢Hioy'oy — 谢谢（男人用）I ram karap te. — 你好E iwankeya? — 你好Apunno paye yan. /Apunno oka yan. — 再见mici, ona — 父亲、爸爸hapo, unu, totto — 母亲、妈妈ekas — 祖父sut, huci — 祖母irwak (yup, yupo/aku) — 兄弟sa, sapo/macirpe, matapa — 姐妹po — 儿子aynu -人ape -火iomante -熊祭 - 阿伊努最大的祭祀ekasi -长老esaman -水獭nuy -火焰kamuy -神kapatcir kamuy -虎头海雕（鹫神）kanto - 天空kimun kamuy -棕熊（山神）kutron kamuy -鼠兔（岩场之神）kunnecup -月亮kotan - 村庄kotankor kamuy -渔鸮（村庄之神）kotankorkur - 村长korpokkur -克鲁波克鲁（蕗叶下的小人）konru -冰sarorun kamuy -丹顶鹤（湿原之神）sumari -狐狸sita/seta -狗tonoto -酒nonno -花horkew -狼hoyau -蛇yukar -叙事诗yuk -日本鹿repun kamuy -虎鲸（海神）rera - 风pirka - 美丽、可爱pone - 骨ray - 死wakka -水cise - 家mina - 笑to - 湖・沼seseki/yu -温泉新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

鲜为人知的日本历史: 阿伊努人的历史，文化，以及现状 - 知乎

鲜为人知的日本历史: 阿伊努人的历史，文化，以及现状 - 知乎首发于盒子在日本切换模式写文章登录/注册鲜为人知的日本历史: 阿伊努人的历史，文化，以及现状海边的taku1. 他们是谁？阿伊努人是鄂霍次克海周边地区的原住民，包括库页岛，千叶群岛，北海道等地方，这些地区在日本历史文献中被称为虾夷。他们有着与日本截然不同的文化。阿伊努人传统上都是万物有灵论者，相信自然界中的一切事物的内在都有一个kamuy（神威，精神或上帝）。他们最著名的仪式包括iomante。他们认为熊是神的化身。他们会喂养小熊一两年，然后在仪式上杀死它，释放它的灵魂。在古代战争中，他们都是技艺高超的骑射手。后来日本武士的战斗方式就是学习自阿伊努士兵，相传第一个武士可能是被雇用的阿伊努人。所以人们常说日本精神是建立在“阿伊努人的幽灵”之上的。2. 历史大约 40,000 年前，在最后一个冰河时代，第一批来自库页岛的人类通过巨大的冰川陆桥抵达日本群岛。他们开启了绳纹时代，他们是阿伊努人的祖先。而来自南方的弥生人是现代日本人的主要祖先。他们原本也栖息在本州，后来被一路驱逐到北海道。他们也试图将版图扩张到库页岛，但是失败了。阿伊努人和日本人之间曾发生过多次战争，最著名的一场是17世纪的沙牟奢允之战(シャクシャインの戦い)。阿伊努这边集结了3000名战士，但是因为装备太差被日本人打败（主要是没有铠甲和火枪）。后来阿伊努人的文化一直被官方否定，遭到迫害和歧视。3. 现状3.1 人口官方估计日本的阿伊努人总人口为 25,000。非官方估计总人口为 200,000 或更高。3.2 改变2008 年 6 月，日本政府正式承认阿伊努人是北海道独特的原住民，并确认他们享有传统生活方式的权利。3.3 遗留问题工作：在北海道，56.3% 的阿伊努人在初级（如农业、农业综合企业、渔业、林业和采矿业）或二级（如制造业和工厂）行业就业，工资较低。而从事这些行业的日本人只占24.2%。教育：只有 17.3% 的阿伊努人拥有大学学位，而北海道非阿伊努人的这一比例为 38.5%（全国为 53.7%）。生活：为了避免歧视，许多阿伊努人在日常生活中隐藏自己的身份。4. 评价首先，关于历史，他们被征服的原因是没有团结起来。关于现存的问题，虽然歧视仍然存在，但我认为这不是一个大问题，因为他们很好地适应了日本文化。我们不能因为他们是阿伊努人而强迫他们过传统的生活，生活方式是他们的选择，但是人类自身应当为他们的文化留下记录。发布于 2021-11-25 16:12阿伊努语历史日本历史赞同 5添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录盒子在日本铁道，河川，夕阳，四季。我的日本沉

Ainu Culture – Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park

Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park

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National Ainu Museum

aynu puri

Ainu Culture

The Ainu are an indigenous people from the northern region of the Japanese archipelago, particularly Hokkaido. The Ainu culture is distinctive, with a language that is unrelated to Japanese, a spirituality that holds that spirits dwell in every part of the natural world, traditional dances that are performed at family events and festivals, and crafts such as wood carving and embroidery that incorporate unique patterns. Increasing numbers of people have been trying to revive traditional dances based on old records and to create new types of Ainu music.

itak

Language

The Ainu language is from Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. It is distinct from Japanese and although some aspects of word order are similar, there are numerous grammatical differences. Formerly a purely verbal language, it is now transcribed using the Latin alphabet or katakana, a Japanese writing system, with the addition of some specialized characters. The use of the Ainu language declined rapidly due to policies to promote the modernization of Japan, starting during the Meiji era (1868-1912), and it was listed as an endangered language by UNESCO in 2009.

inomi

Universe

Among the various creatures and phenomena that exist around humans, those that play particularly important roles and have a strong influence are called kamuy (spirit-deities). The Ainu believe that kamuy are everywhere and are always watching over humans. Flora, fauna, fire, water, wind, mountains, and rivers are all kamuy that manifest in the human world with gifts such as meat and furs. Iyomante is a ceremony where hospitality is extended to the ramat (spirits) of kamuy before they are sent back to the world from which they came.

urespa

Lives

In the past, the Ainu made clothing from a variety of materials. In addition to those that can be found in the surrounding area, such as animal furs, fish skins, bird feathers and fibers from grass and trees, goods such as silk and cotton obtained through trading were also used. For cooking, ingredients relating to the cycles of nature were used, with meats such as salmon, deer and seal and seasonal plants. In the cise (home), the men made tools and took care of the hunting gear, while the women made clothing and mats and prepared meals.

upaskuma

History

The history of the Ainu is known from stories passed down orally by the Ainu themselves and from writings left by neighboring peoples. This history should be understood in terms of a time period stretching from the Paleolithic period to the modern day, and also in terms of expansion and interaction with surrounding peoples. As such, it is important to consider this history as a continuous progression through the ages, rather than the traditional characterization, in which the Ainu culture is considered to have been created between the 9th and 13th centuries.

nepki

Work

Traditionally, the Ainu hunted animals such as bears and deer in the mountains. In addition to picking wild plants such as victory onion in spring, giant lily in summer and crimson glory vine in fall, cereals and vegetables were also grown in fields in some regions. Along the coast, seals and swordfish were hunted and kelp was gathered. The salmon that climb the rivers each fall were also an important food source. The Ainu way of life has changed over the years. Ainu people today do a variety of work that did not exist before, and continue to adapt their way of living to the changing times.

ukoapkas

Exchange

The Ainu were actively involved in exchanges with the many peoples around Hokkaido, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. To the south were Wajin (ethnic Japanese), to the north were the Nivkh and Tungusic peoples such as the Uilta and Ulchi, and to the east were the Itelmen on the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Aleuts on the Aleutian Islands. Ainu culture has been passed down the generations through these exchanges with neighboring peoples in northeast Asia and indigenous peoples from around the world.

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Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park

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探索阿伊努文化和北海道的历史宝藏　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　游览日本最北部区域，重识古代传统｜JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine (本月特推)｜【官方】日本国家旅游局(JNTO)

探索阿伊努文化和北海道的历史宝藏　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　游览日本最北部区域，重识古代传统｜JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine (本月特推)｜【官方】日本国家旅游局(JNTO)

2022.09

探索阿伊努文化和北海道的历史宝藏　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　游览日本最北部区域，重识古代传统

传统阿伊努舞蹈，表现的是老鹤教授幼鹤飞翔的情境

图片来源：阿伊努民族文化基金会

阿伊努（“阿伊努”在阿伊努语言中是“人类”的意思）人生活在日本北部区域，他们正在竭尽所能，将自己的文化和语言传承下去。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　为了表达民族自豪感，改变对阿伊努人的刻板认识，阿伊努人开始致力于教育和文化保护，让传统生活方式和文化理念能够传承至下一代。探访北海道的游客们，可以通过纵观日本的历史，了解到阿伊努原住民以及他们的生活，收获一段深刻而富有意义的体验。

介绍阿伊努民族

阿伊努人保留着其丰富的文化传统，对大自然的深深崇拜刻印在他们的生活方式中。阿伊努人是日本北部区域的原住民族，众所周知，北海道是阿伊努人的住地，但其实据历史记载，千岛列岛、堪察加半岛、库页岛也都曾有过阿伊努人定居。

最近几年阿伊努人有不少值得庆贺的事情，比如，日本政府承认阿伊努人的原住民族地位，阿伊努人的部分文化被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。这些都离不开阿伊努人为保护其文化和语言的存续所付出的艰辛努力。北海道现在有多处胜地，可供游客领略阿伊努人的生活方式。

独特的阿伊努文化

阿伊努人服饰上的刺绣图案独特而又极具代表性。图片来源：阿寒湖阿伊努村落

阿伊努人相信自然万物有灵，这一点与神道教相似。在阿伊努人的信仰中，会把一些对人类来说非常重要的“灵”称为“卡穆伊”。阿伊努人的信仰比神道教更加深远。有一些“卡穆伊”，例如卡姆伊夫奇·卡穆伊，被视作人格化的“灵”，还有许多“卡穆伊”则被视为礼物。卡姆伊夫奇·卡穆伊是灶神。灶火对于每一个阿伊努人家来说都是一个重要的存在，是一份值得家人尊敬的礼物，而保持炉灶洁净，才有资格接受这份贵重的礼物。

“Iyomante”（熊的送灵仪式）一个重要的阿伊努文化仪式，寓意是恭送卡穆伊回到“卡穆伊之地”。阿伊努人会收养一只熊崽，像对待自己的孩子一样，将熊崽养到一两岁大。等到举行仪式的时候，这只熊崽会满载礼物被送回到“卡穆伊之地”。因为熊崽可以为村庄提供肉食，而且还会邀请其他“卡穆伊”来作客，因此村民也会把它看作一件礼物。在阿伊努文化被日本文化同化的过程中，这一仪式已经被禁止。

阿伊努语也非常独特，它与日语几乎没有共同之处，不属于世界上任何一个主要语系。阿伊努语原先只有口语，没有文字，但是现在阿伊努语有了拉丁字母和日语片假名两种书写体系。阿伊努语中有一些独特的、日语中没有的文字。阿伊努文化还包括精致且复杂的木刻工艺、刺绣工艺以及特色舞蹈、音乐等，来到北海道的游客们将有机会体验这些独一无二的文化宝藏。

游览阿寒湖阿伊努村落，领略阿伊努文化

如果您来到阿寒湖游玩，会发现一个有 36 户人家共约120 位居民的阿伊努人大村落。这一村落是阿伊努人延续自身传统、发展自身文化的安全家园，也是让游客了解阿伊努人生活方式的教学基地。

村落里有 20 家手工艺品店铺，售卖手工雕刻木熊、刺绣织物、工艺品、鹿皮制品和其他特别的阿伊努纪念品等。

室内剧场 Ikor，用来举行当地传统的阿伊努表演。图片来源：阿寒湖阿伊努村落

坐落于阿伊努村落中的 Ikor 是日本第一家专门表演阿伊努文化的室内剧院。观众绕舞台坐成一圈，中央位置设置篝火。表演者会在这里向观众展示“ikor”（意为“宝藏”），这样的传统演绎将本地文化一代又一代地传承下去，与观众分享阿伊努文化与众不同的一面。

一种传统的阿伊努小屋，可供 4-5 人居住。图片来源：阿寒湖阿伊努村落

在阿伊努村落里，游客们会见到重建的传统阿伊努小屋，可以容纳 4-5 人居住。通过对这些传统建筑的观察，游客们可以更深入的了解阿伊努人与自然和谐相处的生活方式。

游客们可以自己动手制作阿伊努口琴 (mukkuri) 并学习如何演奏。图片来源：阿寒湖阿伊努村落

游客们在这里还可以体验多种手工艺活动，比如制作木雕、阿伊努口琴 (mukkuri)，以及刺绣研习班等，制作出蕴含着阿伊努文化魅力的作品，并将其作为纪念品带回家。

来到 Upopoy，深入探索原住民的文化遗产

Upopoy 国立阿伊努民族博物馆及公园是国家级阿伊努文化复兴与发展中心。这座公园坐落于波罗多湖畔。在这座美丽的公园内，游客们可以漫步于一幢幢建筑之间，亲身体验阿伊努文化。

Upopoy 阿伊努文化复兴及发展国家中心的每一部分都与自然环境和谐共存，相得益彰。图片来源：阿伊努民族文化基金会

该中心的宗旨是促进社会对于阿伊努民族自豪感的认可，增进公众对阿伊努历史和文化的认识，助力打造阿伊努文化的未来。置身于众多展览之间，游客们可以以阿伊努人的视角探索阿伊努的历史和文化。

供游客们免费观看的短片录像，详细讲述了诸多在阿伊努人历史中被认为是卡穆伊神灵的动物和自然现象（比如闪电），同时也向大家介绍了多项文明世界的阿伊努文化体验，以及阿伊努工艺品。这些长期展览共有六个主题：语言、宇宙、生命、历史、谋生方法和货物交易。此外其中还有一间特殊的展厅，厅内展品的是古今学者们对阿伊努文化的研究结果。

通过未来感十足的科技手段，展现出阿伊努文化所留传的创世神话。图片来源：Upopoy

游客们可以参加射箭体验、穿戴传统衣物、制作阿伊努口琴 (mukkuri) 等项目，观看歌舞表演，学习本地植物知识、当地传统刺绣及图案，以及其他吸引人的活动，亲身体会阿伊努人的传统生活方式。

跨越时空的阻隔，通过亲身体验了解阿伊努文化

Adventure Hokkaido在旭川举行的（北海道探险）远足一日游，会带给您一段完美的阿伊努自然之旅。

一日游中，游客将参观日本第一家阿伊努博物馆 — Kaneto（川村カ子ト）阿伊努博物馆。这家博物馆于 1916 年由私人建立，创建者的目的是为了让阿伊努民族的传统生活方式得以保留。

结束了阿伊努文化远足一日游后，等待您的将是一片壮丽的自然美景。图片来源：Adventure Hokkaido（北海道探险）

这家博物馆会经常开展以阿伊努文化为主题的活动，并举办阿伊努工艺品研习班。博物馆一直由Kaneto（川村カ子ト）的家族进行管理，这个家族一直都致力于促进和保障阿伊努人的权利。

传统阿伊努小屋中供应的午餐也包含在一日游之内，另外，还包括前往岚山的旅程。岚山是阿伊努人的圣山。在阿伊努语中，这座山被称为“Cinomisir”，可大致译为“我族祈祷之山”。

游客们可以徒步前往一座 100 多年前建立的博物馆，了解古代的鱼肉保存技巧，还可以攀登在当地具有重要文化意义的山峰。无论体验哪项活动，您都有机会打破时空的桎梏，一窥阿伊努文化起源时的风貌。

传统上来说，阿伊努人以狩猎、采集为生，因此需要保证鱼肉和其他肉类长时间不变质，以便度过漫长的冬季。图片来源：Adventure Hokkaido（北海道探险）

北海道及周边有更多精彩等待着您来探索

无论是哪个季节，您都可以在北海道欣赏到别样的壮丽景色。银装素裹的滑雪场、湍急的漂流水路和众多的自行车骑行线路，使得北海道成为户外探险者和运动爱好者的聚集地。如果您想要体验当地的文化氛围，则可以选择北海道众多的主题博物馆、美术馆以及与历史相关的文化体验项目等。

不管您在这里逗留多长时间，北海道总有适合您参与的精彩活动。随着当地阿伊努民族文化推广的快速发展，游客们在一次旅程中，不仅能够享受北海道的自然风光和探险项目，还可以体验当地独特的文化传统。

营业时间

由于采取了预防新冠肺炎疫情扩散的相关措施，营业时间可能会有所变化；请在到访前与相关场所确认。

信息

阿寒湖阿伊努村落

网站：https://www.akanainu.jp/cn/

Upopoy 国立阿伊努民族博物馆及公园

网站：https://ainu-upopoy.jp/cn/

Adventure Hokkaido（北海道探险）

网站：https://www.adventure-hokkaido.com

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JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine (本月特推)

探索阿伊努文化和北海道的历史宝藏　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　游览日本最北部区域，重识古代传统

The saga of the Ainu language | The UNESCO Courier

saga of the Ainu language | The UNESCO Courier Skip to main content The UNESCO CourierExplore UNESCO Explore UNESCO The UNESCO Courier go to www.unesco.org Search all UNESCO Close News & Events Calendar of events Statutory Meetings Governing Bodies Delegates Meetings Cultural Events at Headquarters UNESCO commemorations Articles News Stories Press Releases Who we are About us UNESCO in Brief Our vision for peace History of UNESCO Key Challenges Key Figures Key achievements UNESCO House - Visit us Governance Member States Portal General Conference Executive Board Director-General Strategic Management Board Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs Legal & Basic Texts Accountability Core data portal Budget & Strategy Internal Oversight Service Reform / Strategic transformation Funding needs and Data Financial regulations Access to Information Networks Field Offices NGOs and Foundations Associated Schools Unitwin UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors Institutes and Centres Engage Spread the Word Donate Become a partner Careers at UNESCO Subscribe to our Newsletter What we do Our expertise Education Natural Sciences Ocean Science Social and Human Sciences Culture Communication and Information Our Impact Norms & Standards Ideas & Data Take Action Publications and Global Reports Key Challenges Futures of Education Spirit of Mosul Ethics of A.I Biodiversity All key challenges Global Priorities Gender Equality Priority Africa Where we work UNESCO lists and designations Creative Cities Biosphere Reserves Memory of the World Register Intangible Cultural Heritage UNESCO Global Geoparks World Heritage Prizes UNESCO in the World Member States Field Offices Networks For Member States Governance Member States Portal Executive Board General Conference Strategic Advisory Board Calendar of events Statutory Meetings Governing Bodies Delegates Meetings Cultural Events at Headquarters UNESCO commemorations Latest activities News Credentials Farewells Resources Directories National Commissions Permanent Delegations Basic texts Azure Notes Resources Documents UNESDOC - Digital library Art Collection Multimedia archives Archives UNESCO Courier Official Photo Gallery Basic Texts Databases and Statistics Core data portal More data Observatory of killed Journalists UNESCO Institute for Statistics World Inequality Database on Education UNESCO Classroom UNESCO CampusAll UNESCO websites Biennale of LuandaPan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace Core Data PortalPublic access to information is a key component of UNESCO's commitment to transparency and its accountability. 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UNESCO International Bureau of Education UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC) UNESCO's International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa (IICBA) UNESCO.orgMain UNESCO website UNESDOCUNESCO Digital Library website. World Heritage Convention (WHC) World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development - Global Report 2021-2022 World Water Development Report 2021The Value of water World Water Development Report 2022Groundwater, making the invisible visible World Water Development Report 2023 EnglishEnglishFrançaisEspañol The UNESCO CourierMain navigation Latest issue Courier Archives Contacts Thematics Climate & Environment Climate & Environment Education Education Culture Culture Science & Technology Science & Technology Society Society Subscribe SearchShareforward Search ArticleThe saga of the Ainu language © Getty Images / pidjoeByKaoriTahara5 February 2019Last update:20 April 2023Several thousand years old, the ainu language spoken in northern Japan was dying out due to political pressure from the central government. at the end of the 20th century, this trend was reversed. while ainu’s future is still not guaranteed because it isn’t taught in schools, the resurgence of interest is undeniable.By Kaori TaharaA true linguistic enigma, Ainu (Ainu Itak) can’t be linked with certainty to any family of languages. Yet, as numerous specialists agree that the Ainu people are descendants of populations from the Jomon era (11,000 to 6,000 B.C.) that inhabited the Japanese archipelago, it is very probable their language finds its origins in Neolithic languages.According to historical sources, the Ainu people first settled the northern part of the Japanese archipelago. The inhabitants of the Tohoku region (in the north of Honshu, the largest Japanese island) gradually had to abandon their language and culture starting in the 14th century, due to pressure from the central government. But further north, in Hokkaido, as well as in the southern part of Sakhalin Island (the north belonging to Russia) and in the more isolated Kuril Islands, they were able to preserve them until the islands were annexed by the new Meiji government in 1869.Not long after, following the signing of the 1875 “Treaty for the Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands” between Japan and Russia, most of the Ainu from southern Sakhalin were displaced to Hokkaido. Epidemics decimated the population. The same fate befell the Kuril Islands Ainu, who died out entirely after being forcibly regrouped, for national security reasons, on an island off the coast of Hokkaido. Japanese authorities feared that these Ainu, some of them converts to Orthodox Christianity, would serve as spies for the Russians established in the Kurils.At the end of the Russian-Japanese war, as of 1906, a good number of the Ainu from Sakhalin returned, because Japan controlled the south of the island. But on Stalin’s orders all were expelled in 1945 and they settled in Hokkaido. Sakhalin’s tradition and dialect disappeared as the expatriates died – generally, they hadn’t transmitted their knowledge to the next generation.Beginning in 1868, the Japanese government imposed a new way of life on the Hokkaido Ainu. A series of prohibitions concerning hunting and fishing, for instance, traditional Ainu resources, profoundly undermined their culture. The community was stigmatized, considered sav age and inferior. Officially, the new Hokkaido authorities never intended to eradicate the Ainu language. But they did everything to that end, notably by building schools specifically for the “natives” in which they were taught Japanese. In order to survive in this new Hokkaido society, irrigated by continual waves of Japanese immigrants, the Ainu gradually gave up their customs and their language. Today, for new generations, Ainu is a second language, if they even speak it.The last Ainu is not deadThe exact number of Ainu speakers is unknown. Only surveys conducted every seven years since 1972 by the Hokkaido government, concerning living conditions among uteri (compatriot, in Ainu) people, allow an approximate assessment of the Ainu language situation. The 2006 poll shows that out of 23,782 Ainu, 304 know the language, and among these 4.6% feel they master it to the point of being able to teach it. But we mustn’t forget these answers are subjective and don’t necessarily correspond to reality. Furthermore, much of the population doesn’t participate in polls and hides its identity.This said, assertions that the Ainu language is becoming extinct must be understood in relative terms. Since the 1990s, whenever an Ainu dies, the media announce the death of the last Ainu speaker, forgetting that more and more Ainu are starting to relearn their language, inspired by elders or linguists.To replace the 1899 law supporting assimilation policies, the Ainu demanded the promulgation of a new law in the 1980s. The law for the protection and promotion of Ainu culture was finally promulgated in 1997, facilitating, for instance, language instruction.A law can change everythingFounded in 1946, Hokkaido’s Ainu association, the largest in Japan, gives free language courses in 14 regions in Hokkaido, to both Ainu and Japanese students. No statistics on attendance are available, however. The foundation for research and promotion of Ainu culture, created by the 1997 law, has a section for training Ainu language teachers; it accepts seven students a year.The publication of dictionaries, textbooks and bilingual Ainu-Japanese collections of Ainu oral literature is increasing year by year. A private radio station in Sapporo has been broadcasting a weekly Ainu language class program over Hokkaido territory since the 1980s. In April 2001, Shigeru Kayano, activist for Ainu identity and first Japanese parliament member from this community (1926-2006), financed the creation of a radio station, FM Pipaushi that airs a show in Ainu locally in central Hokkaido two Sundays a month.It must be recognized, however, that for now the Ainu interested in their language are from relatively affluent backgrounds. The Ainu are for the most part marginalized and have little time to devote to learning their language. Despite the upsurge of interest, as long as Ainu is not part of the curriculum in Hokkaido schools, its future is uncertain. This language is part of Japanese intangible heritage and is entitled to government protection, notably through its official recognition as a second national language.Share Copied to clipboard About the authorsKaoriTahara Kaori Tahara is a historian of Ainu origin, graduate of the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris.More on this subject EventGlobal Network of Learning Cities webinar ‘Countering climate disinformation: strengthening global citizenship education and media literacy’16 October 2024 EventCall for participants and presentations: 10th UNESCO-APEID Meeting on Entrepreneurship Education10 October 2024 - 11 October 2024 EventUNESCO Chairs and Partners Forum: Transforming knowledge for Africa’s future25 September 2024 - 27 September 2024 EventGlobal Network of Learning Cities webinar ‘Building resilient cities: promoting green and healthy urban environments’18 September 2024 Other recent articles ArticleQ&A: Why investing in girls’ and women’s education is a smart move6 March 2024 ArticlePlaidoyer pour un renforcement de l’accès des filles et femmes à l’éducation, notamment par les curricula6 March 2024 ArticleA Comparative Study on Hybrid Learning now available4 March 2024 ArticleUNESCO Transcultura Programme empowers Caribbean jazz entrepreneurs29 February 2024 Social Media Instagram Facebook Twitter About Subscribe to the Newsletter Contacts Galaxy Footer Disclaimer of use Website Privacy Notice UNESCO Name & Logo FAQ Access to Information Environmental and Social Policies Protection of human rights : Procedure 104 Scam alert Report Fraud, Corruption or other Misconduct ©UNESCO 2024

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History

Ainu

The Ainu (アイヌ) are a people indigenous to the lands of northern Japan. They have a cultural background somewhat different from that of the Yamato Japanese who have been inhabiting most of the rest of Japan. The Ainu populated Hokkaido, parts of Honshu, the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin, but today they live mostly in Hokkaido.

The Ainu are believed to be descendants of Mongoloid migrants who entered the Japanese islands before the Jomon Period. They were later gradually displaced and assimilated when the Yamato Japanese expanded their territory northwards over the past 1500 years.

Ainu dance performance

In the Meiji Period (1868-1912), the Ainu received the status of "former aboriginals", but suffered under official discrimination for some time. In 1997, a new law was passed for the provision of funds for the research and promotion of Ainu culture, and in 2019 the Ainu were formally recognized as indigenous people.

Today, several museums in Hokkaido aim to preserve the Ainu heritage and inform visitors about their history, culture and traditional way of living. Some of these museums stage cultural shows that demonstrate traditional Ainu dance, music and dresses. Furthermore, Ainu handicrafts are sold at many souvenir shops across Hokkaido.

Ainu-related attractions

Near Noboribetsu

Upopoy - National Ainu Museum

The foremost place in Japan to learn about Ainu culture, Upopoy opened in July 2020 as the first national museum dedicated to the history and culture of the Ainu. It is surrounded by a lakeside park that features some reconstructed, traditional Ainu houses and several facilities to experience Ainu culture.

Asahikawa

Kawamura Kaneto Ainu Museum

The Kawamura Kaneto Ainu Museum in Asahikawa exhibits a wide range of traditional Ainu tools and goods, as well as a hut made out of bamboo grass. The museum was founded by the local Ainu leader Kawamura Kaneto (1893-1977), a surveyor in railway construction, who also worked on educating people about Ainu culture.

Lake Akan

Ainu Kotan

Ainu Kotan is a touristy Ainu-themed shopping street in the town next to Lake Akan. Ainu Kotan offers multiple souvenir shops specialized in Ainu handicrafts. At the end of the street stands a museum displaying Ainu crafts, clothes and daily life utensils, while traditional Ainu performances are held in a theater next door.

Lake Kussharo

Ainu Folklore Museum

The Ainu Folklore Museum is a small museum about the Ainu along the shore of Lake Kussharo. The museum has interesting displays and artifacts about various aspects of Ainu life, language and culture.

Abashiri

Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples

The Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples in Abashiri introduces the culture and traditional everyday life of the peoples inhabiting the northern, subarctic regions of the globe, including the Ainu, the First Nations people of northern Canada, the Inuit, the Sami and the Siberian peoples. The beautifully done museum illustrates the differences and similarities between the respective peoples.

Questions? Ask in our forum.

Links and Resources

Japanese

Kawamura Kaneto Ainu Museum

Official website.

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Exploring the Lands and the Worldview of Hokkaido’s Ainu | National Parks of Japan

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Exploring the Lands and the Worldview of Hokkaido’s Ainu

Discover rich Ainu culture in Akan-Mashu, Daisetsuzan, and Shiretoko national parks

Ainu are an indigenous people of northern Japan who have inhabited Hokkaido, northern Honshu, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands for many centuries. They deeply revere nature and rely on its bounties, worshiping such things as rivers and bears as deities. Ainu traditionally lived in settlements near lakes and rivers and along the coasts. Many of Hokkaido’s national parks such as Akan-Mashu, Daisetsuzan, and Shiretoko encompass areas with a strong Ainu tradition. Learn about the unique culture and beliefs of Hokkaido’s Ainu as you explore these beautiful, natural environments.

In This Article

The spirit of nature

Coexisting with nature and kamuy

Travel and trade

Traditional Ainu performances

The spirit of nature

Ainu believe that spirits reside in everything throughout the natural world and that kamuy (spirit-deities) visit the human world in the form of certain animals and natural phenomena. The kamuy bring gifts such as meats, furs, and other important resources. Ainu worship many aspects of nature as kamuy and perform elaborate worship rituals involving song and dance as a way to give thanks and commune with the kamuy.

The Daisetsuzan mountain range, located within Daisetsuzan National Park in central Hokkaido, is a vast, varied environment of cascading waterfalls, sheer cliffs, deep-cut gorges, wetlands, and lakes. Ainu settlements flourished in the foothills of the mountain range along the Ishikari River, where the people traditionally fished for salmon and trout, and hunted and foraged on the land. Ainu continue to worship the river as a kamuy and refer to the mountain range as Kamuy Mintar, the playground of the gods. Explore these sacred lands by hiking mountain trails, or take the Kurodake Ropeway up Mount Kurodake, one of the northernmost peaks in the Daisetsuzan range. The Sounkyo Visitor Center has information on Daisetsuzan National Park’s wildlife, geography, and hiking trails.

The craggy cliffs of Tenninkyo Gorge in Daisetsuzan National Park

Lake Mashu, located toward the eastern end of Akan-Mashu National Park, is revered by Ainu as Kamuy To (lake of the gods). In clear weather, the deep, crystalline waters of this caldera lake reflect the surrounding mountain scenery. There are three viewing platforms on the rim of the caldera, and early morning hikers are often rewarded with a view of thick fog or low clouds floating over the water. Lake Akan is another caldera lake southwest of Lake Mashu, known for marimo: rare spherical forms of freshwater algae. Akanko Ainu Kotan on the southern shore of Lake Akan is an Ainu settlement where visitors can experience traditional crafts and dance. At the Akanko Ainu Theater Ikor, enjoy dance, song, and ritual performances and learn how these are used to commune with kamuy. From summer through late autumn, visitors can explore the forest around Lake Akan and learn ancient Ainu stories at Kamuy Lumina, an immersive night walk.

The varied terrain of Shiretoko National Park in eastern Hokkaido includes scenic lakes, volcanic mountain ranges, and coastal waters with seasonal drift ice. Ainu revere many of the animals that inhabit the diverse Shiretoko Peninsula as kamuy, such as the brown bear (Kim-un-kamuy, god of the mountains); the orca (Repun Kamuy, god of the sea); and Blakiston’s fish owl (Cikap-kamuy or Kotan-kor-kamuy, god of the village). The coastal waters of the peninsula are home to a wide range of marine species, including several species of salmon—which Ainu call Kamuy-cep (fish of the gods). In autumn, when the salmon return from the sea to the rivers of Shiretoko, Ainu hold ceremonies to celebrate their return and pray for abundant catches. Visit the Shiretoko World Heritage Conservation Center to learn more about Shiretoko’s natural environment and wildlife.

Drift ice along the coast of Shiretoko National Park

Coexisting with nature and kamuy

Ainu historically settled near lakes and rivers and along the coasts of Hokkaido, in kotan, small villages comprising a few dozen families. Homes (cise) were built out of wood or woven reed mats that were bound without nails. A traditional Ainu house typically had one or two rooms—depending on the size of the family. At the center of the home was a hearth for cooking, and a window near the hearth called the Kamuy Puyar (god window) was made for kamuy to enter and leave the home. Ainu villages generally featured a cluster of houses, outhouses divided by gender, sheds for hunting equipment and tools, and an outdoor altar (nusasan) made of woven cattail. The Ainu Living Memorial Hall Poncise, located within Akanko Ainu Kotan in Akan-Mashu National Park is a recreation of a traditional Ainu home. Step inside to see tools and traditional clothing, or take a tour led by an Ainu guide to learn more about the traditional Ainu way of life.

Lake Akan

Before the development of Hokkaido in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Ainu fished, hunted, and foraged, and traded with one another along Hokkaido’s waterways. Surrounded by forests, lakes, rivers and the sea, they were well supported by the natural environment. They hunted deer, brown bears, raccoons, squirrels and rabbits, and fished for salmon, trout, and dolly varden. Salmon were caught as they traveled upriver, and as they migrated through the freezing waters of the Sea of Okhotsk. Along with more familiar preservation methods such as smoking, Ainu used the natural climate to aid preservation. Ryube is a traditional Ainu dish prepared by hanging and freezing salmon outside, then slicing it to enjoy raw as a frozen sashimi. There are restaurants in Akanko Ainu Kotan that serve ryube. Stop by the Shiretoko Rausu Visitor Center or the Shiretoko World Heritage Rusa Field House to see wildlife displays and learn more about Ainu hunting traditions.

Stop at visitor centers in the park for practical, cultural, and environmental information

When Ainu hunted and fished, nothing was wasted. They thanked the kamuy for the gifts they bestowed, and made use of everything, especially skins and furs which were traded and used to make clothing. Ainu in coastal areas dried salmon and trout skins like leather, which they stitched together into long robe-like garments. Inland communities used the hides and furs of bears, foxes, and deer to make vests and boots. Robes called attush were woven from a bark-fiber thread made from the bark of the Manchurian elm tree or from linden trees. Men collected the bark, which women worked into thread and wove into cloth and decorated with protective designs. Traditional attush robes are displayed at Akanko Ainu Kotan, and at the Kussharo Kotan Ainu Folklore Museum. Ainu robes and clothing for ceremonial occasions are often adorned with patterns such as Moreu (spirals) and Aiushi (thorn patterns). These motifs vary from region to region and were used like amulets, for special purposes such as to ward off evil spirits.

Traditional Ainu clothing

Travel and trade

Trade was a central part of the traditional Ainu way of life, and contributed significantly to the development of Ainu culture. Communities traded with one another, using dugout boats to navigate Hokkaido’s waterways. Ainu living in the foothills of the Daisetsuzan mountain range traded goods such as salmon and bear fur along the Ishikari River, which ran west into the Sea of Japan. On their journeys downstream, they would pray to the gods for protection at Kamuy Kotan—a section of the river with treacherous, fast-flowing waters and jutting rock formations. Ainu also traded with the inhabitants of mainland Japan (Honshu)—exchanging sea otter fur, salmon, and algae for rice, cotton, and sake. Visit the Higashitaisetsu Nature Center to see displays of the tools Kamikawa Ainu used for hunting and fishing, or hike along the Ishikari River for a sense of the journeys undertaken by Ainu traders.

Historical records indicate that the Ainu also traded overseas, along the Sea of Okhotsk—exporting natural resources such as fur and brown bear gallbladder and importing lacquerware and clothing made from silk. Ainu trading posts were an important link in international trading routes, and facilitated the trade of precious commodities to neighboring regions. Enjoy a cliffside walk along the Sea of Okhotsk for seaside views of where the Ainu sailed.

Mount Asahidake, Daisetsuzan mountain range

The Ainu People and the Hidden Wonders of Hokkaido | Blog | Travel Japan (Japan National Tourism Organization)

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The Ainu People and the Hidden Wonders of Hokkaido

Nov. 12, 2020

Ewelina Turek

Hokkaido is Japan's most northern prefecture known for its majestic wilderness, freezing winters (ideal for winter sports), delicious seafood, and indigenous culture. You might have heard about the Sapporo Snow Festival and Furano Flower Fields. However, what do you know about the people who have lived on Hokkaido for centuries? It's time to learn more about the Ainu people and their intrinsic connections with the natural wonders of Hokkaido.

Who are the Ainu?

They are the first settlers on Hokkaido and the surrounding areas! Officially recognised as indigenous in 2008, their ancestors were the northern Jomon people who had a distinct culture and language. What’s even more interesting is that for centuries their language only functioned verbally and was only transcribed quite recently. Think about the cultural wealth that has been hiding in the north of Japan! The only thing Ainu has in common with Japanese is the word order but some names for places in the north of the country are of Ainu origin! The list includes places such as Sapporo (meaning: dry, large, river) , Niseko (cliff jutting over a river), Lake Shikotsu (large valley) and names ending on -be or -betsu!

Deep Connections

Ainu keep their traditions alive even now and have an unbreakable bond with nature. They believe that spirits are present in every object and part of the natural world! Deities in a spirit form called ‘kamuy’ hide all over the place. Does it sound familiar to anyone? Some people think that the Japanese word ‘kami’ for Shinto gods comes from Ainu language! Don't forget about these spirit deities when appreciating the wonderous natural worlds of Hokkaido that brought these beliefs to life.

Vibrant Culture

Ainu are famous for their culture and crafts which you can find in every area of Hokkaido. Wood carving, embroidery with bold symmetrical patterns, traditional dances performed to celebrate an array of special occasions; these are just a few examples of a culture that dates back thousands of years! Moreover, their dances have been listed by UNESCO in 2009 as intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The Ainu used to live in small villages consisting of a few traditional houses called 'chise' built along Hokkaido’s rivers- ideal for fishing and keeping safe. Nowadays, despite being a hunter-gatherer society back in the day, the lives of the Ainu in the modern era have changed and adapted to the ever evolving world.

Where to find Ainu culture

Your main ports of call for Ainu culture should be some of the fewer places where the remaining Ainu population live. The best in this respect is Ainu Kotan, literally meaning 'Ainu village', located on the shores of Lake Akan, and a true hub of Ainu culture whether that's cuisine, craft, performance or outdoor experiences. Based around a quaint central shopping street lined with Ainu-owned gift shops and craft workshops, some of the highlights are the epic productions retelling key stories of Ainu folklore at the Akanko Ainu Theatre, sampling the unique flavours of Ainu cuisine at Poronno and Hamakko restaurants, going on a forest tour with an Ainu guide from Anytime! Ainutime! and an interactive light show and night tour with Kamuy Lumina.

However, to ensure their memory and traditions are kept alive, there are several museums and cultural centres elsewhere open to visitors! Shiraoi (meaning 'place of many fireflies') is another great spot to dive into local Ainu culture but you can also head to Lake Poroto where the new Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park opened its doors to visitors in July 2020.

Upopoy means ‘singing in a large group’ in Ainu language and it symbolises the facility’s main goal to revitalise and promote Ainu culture. With a museum, park, memorial space for Ainu celebrations, restaurants, and shops it gives you full insight into the essence of Ainu. You can take a bite of Ainu delicacies made with the use of traditional methods and ingredients. Feeling a bit more adventurous? Try learning some Ainu language or maybe crafts like embroidery or wood carving!

New Directions

However, it’s not just museums that try to celebrate the rich flavour of the Ainu culture. In January 2022 Hoshino Resorts are planning to open a hotel that honours their heritage called KAI Poroto by the lake not too far from the Upopoy Centre! Hotel visitors will be able to enjoy waters from the local Shiraoi onsen, traditional Ainu motifs, and natural views of the forest where Ainu used to live in a symbiosis with the local wilderness.

At the moment all visitors have to book their tickets in advance as a safety precaution so don’t forget to book your visit before coming to Ainu Kotan, Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park or KAI Poroto!

For information on how to get to Ainu Kotan, check out our guide to Ainu experiences here.

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比特派钱包app安卓下载最新版本|ainu

比特派钱包app安卓下载最新版本|ainu

阿伊努人_百度百科

Ainu | Definition, Culture, & Language | Britannica

阿伊努语_百度百科

鲜为人知的日本历史: 阿伊努人的历史，文化，以及现状 - 知乎

Ainu Culture – Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park

探索阿伊努文化和北海道的历史宝藏 游览日本最北部区域，重识古代传统｜JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine (本月特推)｜【官方】日本国家旅游局(JNTO)

The saga of the Ainu language | The UNESCO Courier

Ainu

Exploring the Lands and the Worldview of Hokkaido’s Ainu | National Parks of Japan

The Ainu People and the Hidden Wonders of Hokkaido | Blog | Travel Japan (Japan National Tourism Organization)

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探索阿伊努文化和北海道的历史宝藏　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　游览日本最北部区域，重识古代传统｜JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine (本月特推)｜【官方】日本国家旅游局(JNTO)