tp钱包官网下载app正版|overweight

作者： tp钱包官网下载app正版

2024-03-07 20:25:13

肥胖和超重

全球网站

区域网站

世卫组织区域办事处网站

非洲

美洲

东南亚

欧洲

东地中海

西太平洋

When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select.

选择语言

English

العربية

中文

Français

Русский

Español

世卫组织网站主页

健康主题

All topicsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

资源

实况报道

图片事实

多媒体

出版物

问题和答案

工具和工具包

热门主题

冠状病毒病（2019冠状病毒病）

国家

All countriesABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

区域办事处

非洲

美洲

欧洲

东地中海

西太平洋

世卫组织与国家的合作

特写故事

媒体中心

所有新闻

新闻发布

声明

世卫组织宣传活动

要事

特写故事

演讲

Headlines

突发卫生事件

新闻和特写

疾病爆发新闻

情况报告

世卫组织在紧急情况下

数据

世卫组织数据

仪表板

新冠肺炎疫情仪表板

亮点

关于世卫组织

合作伙伴

专家组

世卫组织合作中心

世卫组织人员和办事处

我们是谁

资金来源

理事机构

世界卫生大会

执行委员会

世卫组织网站主页/

媒体中心/

实况报道/

Detail/

肥胖和超重

2020年4月1日

什么是超重和肥胖?超重和肥胖的定义是可损害健康的异常或过量脂肪累积。身体质量指数（BMI）是身高别体重的简便指数，通常用于对成人进行超重和肥胖分类。其定义为按公斤计算的体重除以按米计算的身高的平方（kg/m2）。成人世卫组织对成人做出的超重和肥胖定义如下：身体质量指数等于或大于25时为超重；身体质量指数等于或大于30时为肥胖。身体质量指数因为对男女和各年龄的成人都一样，因而是最有用的人口水平超重和肥胖衡量标准。但是，由于它未必意味着不同个体的肥胖程度相同，因而应将其视为粗略的指导。对儿童而言，在对超重和肥胖做出定义时需考虑年龄因素。5岁以下儿童对5岁以下儿童：超重为身高别体重大于世卫组织儿童生长标准中位数的2个标准差；肥胖为身高别体重大于世卫组织儿童生长标准中位数的3个标准差。世卫组织5岁以下儿童生长标准图表 - 英文5-19岁儿童对5-19岁儿童做出的超重和肥胖定义如下：超重为年龄别身体质量指数大于世卫组织生长标准中位数的1个标准差；肥胖为年龄别身体质量指数大于世卫组织生长标准中位数的2个标准差。世卫组织5-19岁儿童生长标准图表 - 英文有关超重和肥胖的事实世卫组织近期所做的一些全球估计数字如下：2016年，逾19亿18岁（含）以上成人超重，其中超过6.5亿人肥胖。2016年，有39%的18岁及以上成人（男性39%，女性40%）超重。总体而言，在2016年时全世界约有13%的成人（男性11%，女性15%）肥胖。全球肥胖流行率在1975年和2016年之间增长近三倍。2019年，估计有3820万名5岁以下儿童超重或肥胖。一度被视为高收入国家问题的超重和肥胖，如今在低收入和中等收入国家，尤其是在城市环境中呈上升发展趋势。自2000年以来，非洲5岁以下儿童的超重人数已增加近24%。2019年，5岁以下超重或肥胖的儿童中，近半数生活在亚洲。2016年，超过3.4亿名5-19岁儿童和青少年超重或肥胖。

5-19岁儿童和青少年的超重和肥胖流行率从1975年的仅4%大幅上升到2016年的18%以上。男孩和女孩中的上升情况类似：在2016年，有18%的女孩和19%岁的男孩超重。

1975年时只有不足1%的5-19岁儿童和青少年出现肥胖，但在2016年超过1.24亿名儿童和青少年（6%为女孩和8%为男孩）存在肥胖情况。

在全世界，与超重和肥胖相关的死亡人数大于体重不足引起的死亡。全球的肥胖人数多于体重不足人数，每一个地区的情况都是这样，撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲部分地区除外。肥胖和超重是由什么原因引起的?肥胖和超重的根本原因是摄入卡路里与消耗卡路里之间的能量不平衡。就全球范围而言：富含脂肪和糖的高能量食品摄入持续增加；越来越多的工作形式为久坐的性质、交通方式的变化以及城市化加剧均使缺少体力活动问题加重。饮食及身体活动模式的变化通常是由发展引起的环境及社会变化以及卫生、农业、交通、城市规划、环境、食品加工、供应、市场及教育等部门缺乏支持性政策的结果。超重和肥胖的常见健康后果是什么？身体质量指数升高是罹患非传染性疾病的重大风险因素，如：心血管疾病（主要是心脏病和中风），这是2012年的头号死因；糖尿病；肌肉骨骼疾患（特别是骨关节炎——关节的一种高度致残退行性疾病）；某些癌症（包括子宫内膜、乳腺、卵巢、前列腺、肝脏、胆囊、肾脏和结肠）。随着身体质量指数的升高，非传染性疾病的患病风险也随之提高。儿童期肥胖会使成年期肥胖、早逝和残疾出现的几率更大。但是，除了未来风险升高之外，肥胖儿童还会经历呼吸困难、骨折风险升高、高血压、心血管疾病的早期征兆、胰岛素耐受及心理影响。面临营养不良和肥胖的双重负担许多低收入和中等收入国家目前正面临营养不良和肥胖的“双重负担”。这些国家在继续应对传染病和营养不良等问题的同时，也正在经历肥胖和超重等非传染性疾病高危因素的迅速增长，尤其是在城市环境中。在同一国家内、同一社区内甚至同一家庭内营养不良和肥胖共存的情况并不罕见。低收入和中等收入国家的儿童更容易出现产前、婴儿及幼儿营养不足。同时这些儿童还暴露在高脂、高糖、高盐、能量密度高以及微量营养素不足的食品环境中，这些食品往往更廉价，而营养素质量也更低。在营养不良的问题尚未解决的情况下，如此饮食模式加之更低水平的身体活动导致了儿童肥胖的急剧上升。如何减轻超重和肥胖负担？超重和肥胖及其相关慢性病在很大程度上是可预防的。支持性环境和社区是决定人们选择的关键，使选择更健康食品和进行定期身体活动成为最容易的选择（最具可得性、可及性和可负担性的选择），从而预防超重和肥胖。在个体水平上，人们可以：限制来自于总脂肪和糖的能量摄入；增加水果、蔬菜以及豆类、全谷类及坚果的食用量；定期进行身体活动（儿童每天60分钟，成人每周150分钟）。只有当人们具有健康的生活方式时，个体责任才能发挥最大效果。因此，在社会水平上很重要的是通过持续落实以证据为基础和基于人口的政策来遵循上述建议，这些政策可使每个人得到可以获得、能够承担以及容易获得的定期身体活动和健康饮食选择，特别是对最贫穷的个人。这类政策的一个例证就是对加糖饮料征税。食品工业可以在促进健康饮食方面起到重要作用：减少加工食品中的脂肪、糖和盐含量；确保所有消费者均可以得到可负担得起的健康营养选择；限制营销高糖、高盐和高脂食品，尤其是针对儿童和青少年的营销活动。确保健康食品选择的可得性并支持在工作场所定期进行身体活动。世卫组织的应对2004年世界卫生大会通过了《世卫组织饮食、身体活动与健康全球战略》，2011年非传染性疾病问题政治宣言确认了这项战略。该战略阐述了为支持健康饮食和经常从事身体活动所需开展的行动，并要求所有利益攸关方在全球、区域和地方各级采取行动，改善人口饮食和身体活动方式。《2030年可持续发展议程》指出，非传染性疾病是可持续发展领域的一大挑战。国家元首和政府首脑在《2030年可持续发展议程》中承诺制定宏伟的国家对策，通过提供预防和治疗服务，决心到2030年将非传染性疾病过早死亡人数减少三分之一（可持续发展目标3.4）。“2018-2030年促进身体活动全球行动计划（加强身体活动，造就健康世界）”制定了有效和可行的政策行动，以加强全球身体活动。世卫组织发行了一套ACTIVE技术资料，帮助各国规划和实施应对措施。世卫组织于2019年发布了关于5岁以下儿童身体活动、久坐不动行为和睡眠问题的新指南。世界卫生大会对终止儿童肥胖委员会2016年的报告及其关于在生命过程关键阶段处理导致肥胖的环境以解决儿童肥胖问题的6项建议表示欢迎。2017年世界卫生大会还对世卫组织制定的关于指导各国采取行动落实该委员会各项建议的实施计划表示欢迎。

Obesity and overweight

Global

Regions

WHO Regional websites

Africa

Americas

South-East Asia

Europe

Eastern Mediterranean

Western Pacific

When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select.

Select language

English

العربية

中文

Français

Русский

Español

Home

Health Topics

All topicsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Resources

Fact sheets

Facts in pictures

Multimedia

Publications

Questions and answers

Tools and toolkits

Popular

COVID-19

Dengue

Herpes

Hypertension

Mental disorders

Top 10 causes of death

Countries

All countriesABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Regions

Africa

Americas

Europe

Eastern Mediterranean

South-East Asia

Western Pacific

WHO in countries

Cooperation strategies

Data by country

Newsroom

All news

News releases

Statements

Campaigns

Events

Feature stories

Speeches

Commentaries

Photo library

Headlines

Emergencies

Focus on

Afghanistan

Cholera

Greater Horn of Africa

Israel and occupied Palestinian territory

Sudan

Ukraine

Latest

Disease Outbreak News

Situation reports

Weekly Epidemiological Record

WHO in emergencies

Surveillance

Operations

Research

Funding

Partners

Health emergency appeal

International Health Regulations

Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee

Data

Data at WHO

Classifications

Data collections

Global Health Estimates

Mortality Database

Sustainable Development Goals

Dashboards

COVID-19

Health Inequality Monitor

Triple Billion

Highlights

Data collection tools

Global Health Observatory

Insights and visualizations

SCORE

Reports

COVID excess deaths

World Health Statistics

About WHO

Partnerships

Committees and advisory groups

Collaborating centres

Technical teams

Organizational structure

Who we are

Our work

Activities

Initiatives

Global Programme of Work

WHO Academy

Funding

Investment case

WHO Foundation

Accountability

Audit

Financial statements

Programme budget

Results Report

Governance

Governing bodies

World Health Assembly

Executive Board

Member States Portal

Home/

Newsroom/

Fact sheets/

Detail/

Obesity and overweight

WHO / Violaine Martin

Variety of vegetables at the open market.

Credits

Obesity and overweight

1 March 2024

Key factsIn 2022, 1 in 8 people in the world were living with obesity. Worldwide adult obesity has more than doubled since 1990, and adolescent obesity has quadrupled.In 2022, 2.5 billion adults (18 years and older) were overweight. Of these, 890 million were living with obesity.In 2022, 43% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight and 16% were living with obesity.In 2022, 37 million children under the age of 5 were overweight.Over 390 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight in 2022, including 160 million who were living with obesity.OverviewOverweight is a condition of excessive fat deposits. Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health. Obesity can lead to increased risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, it can affect bone health and reproduction, it increases the risk of certain cancers. Obesity influences the quality of living, such as sleeping or moving.The diagnosis of overweight and obesity is made by measuring people’s weight and height and by calculating the body mass index (BMI): weight (kg)/height² (m²). The body mass index is a surrogate marker of fatness and additional measurements, such as the waist circumference, can help the diagnosis of obesity.The BMI categories for defining obesity vary by age and gender in infants, children and adolescents.AdultsFor adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity as follows:overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; andobesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.For children, age needs to be considered when defining overweight and obesity. Children under 5 years of ageFor children under 5 years of age:overweight is weight-for-height greater than 2 standard deviations above WHO Child Growth Standards median; andobesity is weight-for-height greater than 3 standard deviations above the WHO Child Growth Standards median.Charts and tables: WHO child growth standards for children aged under 5 years Children aged between 5–19 yearsOverweight and obesity are defined as follows for children aged between 5–19 years: overweight is BMI-for-age greater than 1 standard deviation above the WHO Growth Reference median; and obesity is greater than 2 standard deviations above the WHO Growth Reference median.Charts and tables: WHO growth reference for children aged between 5–19 years Facts about overweight and obesity In 2022, 2.5 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight, including over 890 million adults who were living with obesity. This corresponds to 43% of adults aged 18 years and over (43% of men and 44% of women) who were overweight; an increase from 1990, when 25% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight. Prevalence of overweight varied by region, from 31% in the WHO South-East Asia Region and the African Region to 67% in the Region of the Americas.About 16% of adults aged 18 years and older worldwide were obese in 2022. The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1990 and 2022.In 2022, an estimated 37 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight. Once considered a high-income country problem, overweight is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries. In Africa, the number of overweight children under 5 years has increased by nearly 23% since 2000. Almost half of the children under 5 years who were overweight or living with obesity in 2022 lived in Asia.Over 390 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight in 2022. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) among children and adolescents aged 5–19 has risen dramatically from just 8% in 1990 to 20% in 2022. The rise has occurred similarly among both boys and girls: in 2022 19% of girls and 21% of boys were overweight.While just 2% of children and adolescents aged 5–19 were obese in 1990 (31 million young people), by 2022, 8% of children and adolescents were living with obesity (160 million young people).Causes of overweight and obesityOverweight and obesity result from an imbalance of energy intake (diet) and energy expenditure (physical activity). In most cases obesity is a multifactorial disease due to obesogenic environments, psycho-social factors and genetic variants. In a subgroup of patients, single major etiological factors can be identified (medications, diseases, immobilization, iatrogenic procedures, monogenic disease/genetic syndrome). The obesogenic environment exacerbating the likelihood of obesity in individuals, populations and in different settings is related to structural factors limiting the availability of healthy sustainable food at locally affordable prices, lack of safe and easy physical mobility into the daily life of all people, and absence of adequate legal and regulatory environment. At the same time, the lack of an effective health system response to identify excess weight gain and fat deposition in their early stages is aggravating the progression to obesity. Common health consequencesThe health risks caused by overweight and obesity are increasingly well documented and understood. In 2019, higher-than-optimal BMI caused an estimated 5 million deaths from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, neurological disorders, chronic respiratory diseases, and digestive disorders (1). Being overweight in childhood and adolescence affects children’s and adolescents’ immediate health and is associated with greater risk and earlier onset of various NCDs, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Childhood and adolescent obesity have adverse psychosocial consequences; it affects school performance and quality of life, compounded by stigma, discrimination and bullying. Children with obesity are very likely to be adults with obesity and are also at a higher risk of developing NCDs in adulthood.The economic impacts of the obesity epidemic are also important. If nothing is done, the global costs of overweight and obesity are predicted to reach US$ 3 trillion per year by 2030 and more than US$ 18 trillion by 2060 (2). Finally, the rise in obesity rates in low-and middle-income countries, including among lower socio-economic groups, is fast globalizing a problem that was once associated only with high-income countries. Facing a double burden of malnutritionMany low- and middle-income countries face a so-called double burden of malnutrition.While these countries continue to deal with the problems of infectious diseases and undernutrition, they are also experiencing a rapid upsurge in noncommunicable disease risk factors such as obesity and overweight.It is common to find undernutrition and obesity co-existing within the same country, the same community and the same household.Children in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable to inadequate pre-natal, infant, and young child nutrition. At the same time, these children are exposed to high-fat, high-sugar, high-salt, energy-dense, and micronutrient-poor foods, which tend to be lower in cost but also lower in nutrient quality. These dietary patterns, in conjunction with lower levels of physical activity, result in sharp increases in childhood obesity while undernutrition issues remain unsolved.Prevention and managementOverweight and obesity, as well as their related noncommunicable diseases, are largely preventable and manageable. At the individual level, people may be able to reduce their risk by adopting preventive interventions at each step of the life cycle, starting from pre-conception and continuing during the early years. These include: ensure appropriate weight gain during pregnancy;practice exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months after birth and continued breastfeeding until 24 months or beyond;support behaviours of children around healthy eating, physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep, regardless of current weight status;limit screen time;limit consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and energy-dense foods and promote other healthy eating behaviours;enjoy a healthy life (healthy diet, physical activity, sleep duration and quality, avoid tobacco and alcohol, emotional self-regulation);limit energy intake from total fats and sugars and increase consumption of fruit and vegetables, as well as legumes, whole grains and nuts; andengage in regular physical activity. Health practitioners need to assess the weight and height of people accessing the health facilities; provide counselling on healthy diet and lifestyles;when a diagnosis of obesity is established, provide integrated obesity prevention and management health services including on healthy diet, physical activity and medical and surgical measures; andmonitor other NCD risk factors (blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure) and assess the presence of comorbidities and disability, including mental health disorders.The dietary and physical activity patterns for individual people are largely the result of environmental and societal conditions that greatly constrain personal choice. Obesity is a societal rather than an individual responsibility, with the solutions to be found through the creation of supportive environments and communities that embed healthy diets and regular physical activity as the most accessible, available and affordable behaviours of daily life. Stopping the rise in obesity demands multisectoral actions such as food manufacturing, marketing and pricing and others that seek to address the wider determinants of health (such as poverty reduction and urban planning). Such policies and actions include: structural, fiscal and regulatory actions aimed at creating healthy food environments that make healthier food options available, accessible and desirable; andhealth sector responses designed and equipped to identify risk, prevent, treat and manage the disease. These actions need to build upon and be integrated into broader efforts to address NCDs and strengthen health systems through a primary health care approach.The food industry can play a significant role in promoting healthy diets by: reducing the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods; ensuring that healthy and nutritious choices are available and affordable to all consumers; restricting marketing of foods high in sugars, salt and fats, especially those foods aimed at children and teenagers; andensuring the availability of healthy food choices and supporting regular physical activity practice in the workplace.WHO responseWHO has recognized the need to tackle the global obesity crisis in an urgent manner for many years. The World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets aiming to ensure no increase in childhood overweight, and the NCD target to halt the rise of diabetes and obesity by 2025, were endorsed by WHO Member States. They recognized that accelerated global action is needed to address pervasive and corrosive problem of the double burden of malnutrition. At the 75th World Health Assembly in 2022, Member States demanded and adopted new recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity and endorsed the WHO Acceleration plan to stop obesity. Since its endorsement, the Acceleration plan has shaped the political environment to generate impetus needed for sustainable change, created a platform to shape, streamline and prioritize policy, support implementation in countries and drive impact and strengthen accountability at national and global level. References1. GBD 2019 Risk Factor Collaborators. “Global Burden of 87 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019”. Lancet. 2020;396:1223–1249.2. Okunogbe et al., “Economic Impacts of Overweight and Obesity.” 2nd Edition with Estimates for 161 Countries. World Obesity Federation, 2022.

AdultsBody Mass Index (BMI) Children under 5 years of ageWHO Child Growth StandardsChildren aged between 5–19 yearsGrowth reference data for 5-19 years

WHO StrategyGlobal Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health

News

Tenfold increase in childhood and adolescent obesity in four decades: new study by Imperial College London and WHO

11 October 2017

One in eight people are now living with obesity

1 March 2024

Fact sheets

Healthy diet

29 April 2020

Malnutrition

1 March 2024

Sugars and dental caries

9 November 2017

Facts in pictures

Obesity

9 June 2021

DataGlobal Health Observatory (GHO) More informationWHO's work on obesityWHO's work on nutrition

Regions

Africa

Americas

Eastern Mediterranean

Europe

South-East Asia

Western Pacific

Policies

Cyber security

Ethics

Permissions and licensing

Preventing sexual exploitation

About us

Careers

Library

Procurement

Publications

Frequently asked questions

Report misconduct

2024

WHO

OVERWEIGHT中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

词典

翻译

语法

同义词词典

+Plus

剑桥词典+Plus

Shop

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

中文 (简体)

查找

英语-中文（简体）

overweight 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

overweightadjective uk

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˌəʊ.vəˈweɪt/ us

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˌoʊ.vɚˈweɪt/

Add to word list

B2 fat

肥胖的

He used to be very overweight.

他曾经很胖。

I'm only a few pounds overweight, but I just can't seem to lose them.

我只不过超重几磅，不过好像就是减不下来。

an overweight man/woman/child

超重的男子／女子／小孩

反义词

underweight

B2 heavier than is allowed

超重的

If your luggage is overweight, you have to pay extra.

如果你的行李超重，还得另外再付钱。

(overweight在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

overweight的例句

overweight

He was an over-weight, grey curly-haired elderly man, with very poor eyesight.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

At worst, it becomes a drain on public funds and a gross addition to an already overweighted bureaucracy.

来自 Hansard archive

该例句来自Hansard存档。包含以下议会许可信息开放议会许可v3.0

With limited time resources, it is thus evidently easier to address the more obvious issues - such as overweight or clumsiness.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Thus, for her, there was no acceptable account or legitimate reason for anyone to be even slightly overweight.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Many of these women are particularly harsh in their assessments of the overweight, including themselves.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The diagnostic of a weighting bias is a partial correlation: judgments are correlated with any variable that the heuristic overweights, with the true value held constant.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Skeletal muscle dictates the fibrinolytic state after exercise training in overweight men with characteristics of metabolic syndrome.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

In that way it is overweighted in favour of the landlord.

来自 Hansard archive

该例句来自Hansard存档。包含以下议会许可信息开放议会许可v3.0

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

B2,B2

overweight的翻译

中文（繁体）

肥胖的, 超重的…

查看更多内容

西班牙语

demasiado gordo, con sobrepeso [masculine-feminine], gordo/da [masculine-feminine…

查看更多内容

葡萄牙语

acima do peso, obeso/-sa…

查看更多内容

更多语言

in Marathi

日语

土耳其语

法语

加泰罗尼亚语

in Dutch

in Tamil

in Hindi

in Gujarati

丹麦语

in Swedish

马来语

德语

挪威语

in Urdu

in Ukrainian

俄语

in Telugu

阿拉伯语

in Bengali

捷克语

印尼语

泰语

越南语

波兰语

韩语

意大利语

जाड, जास्तीचे वजन…

查看更多内容

太りすぎの, 太（ふと）り過（す）ぎの…

查看更多内容

aşırı kilolu, çok şişman, şişman…

查看更多内容

en surpoids, trop gros…

查看更多内容

massa gras…

查看更多内容

te zwaar…

查看更多内容

அதிக எடை, அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டதை விட கனமானது…

查看更多内容

मोटा, स्थूल, अनुमति से ज़्यादा वज़न का…

查看更多内容

વધારે વજન, મહાકાય…

查看更多内容

overvægtig…

查看更多内容

överviktig…

查看更多内容

berat berlebihan…

查看更多内容

übergewichtig…

查看更多内容

overvektig…

查看更多内容

موٹا, بہت زیادہ وزن, مقررہ حد سے زیادہ وزن…

查看更多内容

такий, що має зайву вагу…

查看更多内容

весящий больше нормы, грузный…

查看更多内容

అధిక బరువు, లావు, అనుమతించబడిన దానికంటే ఎక్కువ బరువు ఉంటుంది…

查看更多内容

زائد الوَزْن…

查看更多内容

অতিরিক্ত ওজন, অনুমোদনের চেয়ে ভারী…

查看更多内容

tlustý…

查看更多内容

terlalu gemuk, kegemukan…

查看更多内容

ที่มีน้ำหนักมากเกินไป…

查看更多内容

quá trọng lượng, béo phì…

查看更多内容

za gruby, za ciężki, z nadwagą…

查看更多内容

과체중의…

查看更多内容

in sovrappeso, che pesa troppo, sovrappeso…

查看更多内容

需要一个翻译器吗？

获得快速、免费的翻译！

翻译器工具

overweight的发音是什么？

在英语词典中查看 overweight 的释义

浏览

overview

overwater

overweening

overweeningly

overweight

overwhelm

overwhelming

overwhelmingly

overwind

“每日一词”

veggie burger

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/

a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape

关于这个

博客

Forget doing it or forget to do it? Avoiding common mistakes with verb patterns (2)

March 06, 2024

新词

stochastic parrot

March 04, 2024

已添加至 list

回到页面顶端

内容

英语-中文（简体）例句翻译

©剑桥大学出版社与评估2024

学习

新词

帮助

纸质书出版

Word of the Year 2021

Word of the Year 2022

Word of the Year 2023

开发

词典API

双击查看

搜索Widgets

执照数据

关于

无障碍阅读

剑桥英语教学

剑桥大学出版社与评估

授权管理

Cookies与隐私保护

语料库

使用条款

京ICP备14002226号-2

©剑桥大学出版社与评估2024

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

词典

定义

清晰解释自然的书面和口头英语

英语

学习词典

基础英式英语

基础美式英语

翻译

点击箭头改变翻译方向。

双语词典

英语-中文（简体）

Chinese (Simplified)–English

英语-中文（繁体）

Chinese (Traditional)–English

英语-荷兰语

荷兰语-英语

英语-法语

法语-英语

英语-德语

德语-英语

英语-印尼语

印尼语-英语

英语-意大利语

意大利语-英语

英语-日语

日语-英语

英语-挪威语

挪威语-英语

英语-波兰语

波兰语-英语

英语-葡萄牙语

葡萄牙语-英语

英语-西班牙语

西班牙语-英语

English–Swedish

Swedish–English

半双语词典

英语-阿拉伯语

英语-孟加拉语

英语-加泰罗尼亚语

英语-捷克语

英语-丹麦语

English–Gujarati

英语-印地语

英语-韩语

英语-马来语

英语-马拉地语

英语-俄语

English–Tamil

English–Telugu

英语-泰语

英语-土耳其语

英语-乌克兰语

English–Urdu

英语-越南语

翻译

语法

同义词词典

Pronunciation

剑桥词典+Plus

Shop

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

中文 (简体)

Change

English (UK)

English (US)

Español

Русский

Português

Deutsch

Français

Italiano

中文 (简体)

正體中文 (繁體)

Polski

한국어

Türkçe

日本語

Tiếng Việt

हिंदी

தமிழ்

తెలుగు

关注我们

选择一本词典

Obesity

Global

Regions

WHO Regional websites

Africa

Americas

South-East Asia

Europe

Eastern Mediterranean

Western Pacific

When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select.

Select language

English

العربية

中文

Français

Русский

Español

Home

Health Topics

All topicsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Resources

Fact sheets

Facts in pictures

Multimedia

Publications

Questions and answers

Tools and toolkits

Popular

COVID-19

Dengue

Herpes

Hypertension

Mental disorders

Top 10 causes of death

Countries

All countriesABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Regions

Africa

Americas

Europe

Eastern Mediterranean

South-East Asia

Western Pacific

WHO in countries

Cooperation strategies

Data by country

Newsroom

All news

News releases

Statements

Campaigns

Events

Feature stories

Speeches

Commentaries

Photo library

Headlines

Emergencies

Focus on

Afghanistan

Cholera

Greater Horn of Africa

Israel and occupied Palestinian territory

Sudan

Ukraine

Latest

Disease Outbreak News

Situation reports

Weekly Epidemiological Record

WHO in emergencies

Surveillance

Operations

Research

Funding

Partners

Health emergency appeal

International Health Regulations

Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee

Data

Data at WHO

Classifications

Data collections

Global Health Estimates

Mortality Database

Sustainable Development Goals

Dashboards

COVID-19

Health Inequality Monitor

Triple Billion

Highlights

Data collection tools

Global Health Observatory

Insights and visualizations

SCORE

Reports

COVID excess deaths

World Health Statistics

About WHO

Partnerships

Committees and advisory groups

Collaborating centres

Technical teams

Organizational structure

Who we are

Our work

Activities

Initiatives

Global Programme of Work

WHO Academy

Funding

Investment case

WHO Foundation

Accountability

Audit

Financial statements

Programme budget

Results Report

Governance

Governing bodies

World Health Assembly

Executive Board

Member States Portal

Home/

Health topics/

Obesity

WHO/Yoshi Shimizu

Early morning exercise in the Rizal Park in Manila city, Philippines.

Credits

Obesity

Overview

Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat

accumulation that presents a risk to health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is

considered overweight, and over 30 is obese. In 2019, an estimated 5

million noncommunicable disease (NCD) deaths were caused by higher-than-optimal

BMI.Rates of overweight and obesity continue to grow in adults and

children. From 1990 to 2022, the percentage of children and adolescents aged 5–19

years living with obesity increased four-fold from 2% to 8% globally, while the

percentage of adults 18 years of age and older living with obesity more than

doubled from 7% to 16%.Obesity is one side of the double burden of malnutrition, and today more people are obese than underweight in every region except the South-East Asia Region. Once considered a problem only in high-income countries, today some middle-income countries have among the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide.

Complications

Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and stroke, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Being overweight can also lead to diabetes and its associated conditions, including blindness, limb amputations, and the need for dialysis. Rates of diabetes have quadrupled since around the world since 1980. Carrying excess weight can lead to musculoskeletal disorders including osteoarthritis. Obesity is also associated with some cancers, including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney and colon. The risk of these noncommunicable diseases increases even when a person is only slightly overweight and grows more serious as the body mass index (BMI) climbs.

Obesity in childhood is associated with a wide range of serious health complications and an increased risk of premature onset of related illnesses. Studies have found that without intervention, children and adolescents with obesity will likely continue to be obese into adulthood.

Prevention and Control

Many of the causes of overweight and obesity are preventable and reversable. Although other factors are involved, the fundamental cause of obesity is an imbalance of calories consumed and calories expended. As global diets have changed in recent decades, there has been an increase in the consumption of energy-dense foods high in fat and free sugars. There has also been a decrease in physical activity due to the changing nature of many types of work, more access to transportation and increased urbanization.Lowering the risk of overweight and obesity includes reducing the number of calories consumed from fats and sugars, increasing the portion of daily intake of fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains and nuts, and engaging in regular physical activity (60 minutes per day for children and 150 minutes per week for adults). In babies, studies have shown that exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months of age reduces the risk of infants becoming overweight or obese.

Fact sheets Obesity and overweightDiabetesHealthy dietMalnutritionNoncommunicable diseasesSugars and dental cariesCommercial determinants of healthTrans fatSodium reductionQuestions and answers 5 keys to a healthy dietWhat is Malnutrition?What is the risk of diabetes in children?What are the health consequences of being overweight?Databases and tools e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA)Global health observatoryGlobal targets tracking tool

Initiatives and groups WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)Resolutions and decisions WHA75(11) Follow-up to the political declaration of the third high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseasesWHA75 - Annex 7 Acceleration plan to support Member States in implementing the recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity over the life courseWHA75 - Annex 14 Recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity over the life course, including considering the development of targets in this regardWHA65/6 Maternal, infant and young child nutritionWHA57.17 Global strategy on diet, physical activity and healthTechnical work Nutrition and Food Safety

News

All →

1 March 2024

News release

One in eight people are now living with obesity

20 November 2023

News release

WHO issues new guideline to tackle acute malnutrition in children under five

17 May 2023

Departmental news

New WHO framework available for prevention and management of obesity

8 February 2023

Departmental news

Experts call for clampdowns on exploitative formula milk marketing in new Lancet series

Our work

Measuring child growth through data

Establishing global nutrient requirements

Controlling the global obesity epidemic

Preventing noncommunicable diseases

Events

All →

Adolescent obesity management guidelines: fifth Guideline Development Group meeting

20 – 21 March 2024

Childhood obesity management guidelines: fifth Guideline Development Group meeting

18 – 19 March 2024

World Obesity Day 2024 - Obesity & Youth: Young people catalyzing change

4 March 2024 14:00 – 15:00 CET

Publications

All →

3 July 2023

WHO acceleration plan to stop obesity

At the 75th World Health Assembly in 2022, Member States adopted new recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity and endorsed the...

Download

23 May 2023

Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates:...

Child malnutrition estimates for the indicators stunting, wasting, overweight and underweight describe the magnitude and patterns of under- and overnutrition...

Download

18 May 2023

Health service delivery framework for prevention and management of obesity

Multisectoral efforts to influence behaviours around healthy diet and exercise, while essential, have been insufficient to halt the rising prevalence of...

Download

17 May 2023

A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy...

Obesity in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is a public health challenge across all settings. Obesity is now classified as a complex...

Download

Documents

All →

22 December 2023

Nutrition and Food Safety News - December 2023

The latest edition of our NFS Newsletter features key activities we undertook over the period from October - December 2023.

Download

6 November 2023

Nutrition and Food Safety News - October 2023

The latest edition of our NFS Newsletter features key activities we undertook over the summer period, from July-September 2023.

Download

19 June 2023

Leaflet: The Health Service Delivery Framework for prevention and management of obesity

This short

leaflet has been developed as a hand-out tool to inform in a concise way about

the purpose and the approach of WHO’s new Health

Service...

Download

5 April 2023

Department of Nutrition and Food Safety key achievements 2022

WHO leadership, norm setting, policy guidance and monitoring has brought another good year of progress towards universal access to safe and sufficient...

Download

Infographics

All →

Infographic

Inequalities are not the same everywhere

Infographic

Infographics on child overweight and obesity

Infographic

Double burden of malnutrition

Infographic

5 keys to a healthy diet

Videos

All →

4 March 2024

WHO's department of nutrition and food safety: key achievements 2023

24 February 2020

Move for health #1

24 February 2020

Move for health #2

Science in 5

Episode #101 - Do sweeteners help with weight loss?

Do non-sugar sweeteners help with weight loss? Do they pose a risk to your health? What about so called “natural” sweetness like Stevia? Jason Montez explains the findings from the new WHO report in Science in 5.

Episode #91 - Everything you need to know about trans fat

WHO is urging action by Governments and the food industry to remove industrial trans fat from our food chain. Which foods contain trans fat? How do they harm us? WHO’s Dr Francesco Branca explains in Science in 5.

Episode #94 - Are you consuming too much salt?

WHO’s latest report is urging everyone to reduce salt in our diet. What happens when we consume too much salt? How would we know if we are consuming too much salt and what can we do to reduce it? WHO’s Dr Francesco Branca explains in Science in 5.

Commentaries

All →

25 October 2017

Malnutrition: It’s about more than hunger

19 May 2017

Double-duty actions for ending malnutrition within a decade

Facts in pictures

9 June 2021

Obesity

Just a moment...

a moment...Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue

《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读

作者投稿

专家审稿

编辑办公

邮件订阅

RSS

首页

关于本刊

期刊介绍

编委会

主编风采

投稿指南

投稿须知

版权转让协议

研究报告规范清单

出版声明

出版伦理声明

医学伦理声明

开放获取声明

同行评审声明

招商合作

新媒体

官方微信

今日头条

搜狐

知乎

科普中国

联系我们

English

所有标题作者关键词摘要Doi栏目作者地址基金中图分类号

首页

关于本刊

期刊介绍

编委会

主编风采

投稿指南

投稿须知

版权转让协议

研究报告规范清单

出版声明

出版伦理声明

医学伦理声明

开放获取声明

同行评审声明

招商合作

新媒体

官方微信

今日头条

搜狐

知乎

科普中国

联系我们

English

留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名

邮箱

手机号码

标题

留言内容

验证码

《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读

孙铭遥,

陈伟

文章导航 > 协和医学杂志

2022 >

13(2): 255-262

孙铭遥, 陈伟. 《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 255-262. doi: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0796

引用本文:

孙铭遥, 陈伟. 《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 255-262. doi: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0796

SUN Mingyao, CHEN Wei. Interpretation of the Chinese Guidelines on Medical Nutritional Therapy for Overweight/Obesity(2021)[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2022, 13(2): 255-262. doi: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0796

Citation:

孙铭遥, 陈伟. 《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 255-262. doi: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0796

引用本文:

孙铭遥, 陈伟. 《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 255-262. doi: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0796

Citation:

PDF下载

( 1087 KB)

《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读

doi: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0796

孙铭遥1,

陈伟2, ,

福建医科大学省立临床医学院福建省立医院临床营养科，福州 350001

中国医学科学院北京协和医院临床营养科，北京 100730

基金项目:

北京市科学技术委员会重点项目 Z191100008619006

中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程 2020-I2M-C&T-B-027

福建省卫生健康青年科研课题 2020QNB002

详细信息

通讯作者:

陈伟，E-mail：chenw@pumch.cn

中图分类号: R459.3; R723.14

计量

文章访问数:

2574

HTML全文浏览量:

304

PDF下载量:

1298

被引次数: 0

出版历程

收稿日期:

2021-12-21

录用日期:

2022-01-30

网络出版日期:

2022-01-30

刊出日期:

2022-03-30

Interpretation of the Chinese Guidelines on Medical Nutritional Therapy for Overweight/Obesity(2021)

SUN Mingyao1

CHEN Wei2

, ,

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China

Funds:

The Key Program of Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission Z191100008619006

CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences 2020-I2M-C&T-B-027

Youth Scientific Research Project of Fujian Provincial Health Commission 2020QNB002

More Information

Corresponding author:

CHEN Wei, E-mail: chenw@pumch.cn

摘要

HTML全文

图(0)

表(0)

参考文献(58)

施引文献

资源附件(0)

访问统计

摘要

摘要:

肥胖已成为一种全球性“流行病”，现阶段超重/肥胖已成为严重影响人们身心健康的主要公共卫生问题。医学营养治疗既是肥胖治疗的基础，也是肥胖病程中任何阶段预防和控制必不可缺的措施。2021年12月，《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》发布，指南内容涵盖医学营养减重干预方法中不同膳食模式及代餐食品、生物节律、肠道微生态、代谢手术等与减重的关系，并对特殊人群的减重进行了阐述。本文将对该指南的重点内容进行解读，以期为超重/肥胖的规范化诊疗及管理提供临床借鉴。

关键词:

超重 /

肥胖 /

营养治疗 /

指南

Abstract:

Obesity has become a global "epidemic".At this stage, overweight/obesity has become a major public health problem that seriously affects the physical and mental health of Chinese people. Medical nutritional therapy is the basic treatment for obesity and an indispensable measure for prevention and control at any stage in the course of obesity.In December 2021, the Chinese Guidelines on Medical Nutritional Therapy for Overweight/Obesity (2021) was published, which covers the relationship of weight loss with different dietary patterns, meal replacement foods, biorhythms, intestinal microecology, metabolic surgery, and medical nutritional intervention, as well as weight loss in special populations. With a view to providing clinical reference for the standardized treatment and management of overweight/obesity, this paper makes a detailed interpretation of the key points of the guidelines.

Key words:

overweight /

obesity /

nutritional therapy /

guideline

注释:

作者贡献：孙铭遥负责查阅文献、撰写论文；陈伟负责审核及修订论文。

利益冲突：所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

HTML全文

参考文献(58)

[1]

World Health Organization. WHO Discussion Paper: Draft recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity over the life course, including potential targets[EB/OL ]. (2021-08-17)[2021-12-21]. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-discussion-paper-draft-recommendations-for-the-prevention-and-management-of-obesity-over-the-life-course-including-potential-targets.

[2]

中国超重肥胖医学营养治疗专家共识编写委员会. 中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗专家共识(2016年版)[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2016, 8: 525-540. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-5809.2016.09.004

[3]

中国医疗保健国际交流促进会营养与代谢管理分会, 中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中华医学会糖尿病学分会, 等. 中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)[J]. 中国医学前沿杂志(电子版), 2021, 13: 1-55. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YXQY202111001.htm

[4]

Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, et al. Effects of higher-versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2012, 66: 780-788. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.37

[5]

Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2014, 312: 923-933. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.10397

[6]

Sun S, Kong Z, Shi Q, et al. Non-Energy-Restricted LowCarbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11: 3051. doi: 10.3390/nu11123051

[7]

Liu X, Zhang G, Ye X, et al. Effects of a low-carbohyd-rate diet on weight loss and cardiometabolic profile in Chinese women: a randomised controlled feeding trial[J]. Br J Nutr, 2013, 110: 1444-1453. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513000640

[8]

Wycherley TP, Thompson CH, Buckley JD, et al. Long-term effects of weight loss with a very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on flow mediated dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2016, 252: 28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.908

[9]

Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Klein GL, et al. Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial[J]. BMJ, 2018, 363: k4583.

[10]

Van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Kuijpers T, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate-compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assess ments[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2018, 108: 300-331. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy096

[11]

Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, et al. Comparison of low-and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2015, 102: 780-790. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112581

[12]

Saslow LR, Daubenmier JJ, Moskowitz JT, et al. Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes[J]. Nutr Diabetes, 2017, 7: 304. doi: 10.1038/s41387-017-0006-9

[13]

Kessler CS, Stange R, Schlenkermann M, et al. A nonrandomized controlled clinical pilot trial on 8 wk of intermittent fasting (24 h/wk)[J]. Nutrition, 2018, 46: 143-152.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.004

[14]

Anton SD, Lee SA, Donahoo WT, et al. The Effects of Time Restricted Feeding on Overweight, Older Adults: A Pilot Study[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11: 1500. doi: 10.3390/nu11071500

[15]

Lee SA, Sypniewski C, Bensadon BA, et al. Determinants of Adherence in Time-Restricted Feeding in Older Adults: Lessons from a Pilot Study[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12: 874. doi: 10.3390/nu12030874

[16]

Rajpal A, Ismail-Beigi F. Intermittent fasting and 'metabolic switch': Effects on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2020, 22: 1496-1510. doi: 10.1111/dom.14080

[17]

Corley BT, Carroll RW, Hall RM, et al. Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Diabet Med, 2018, 35: 588-594. doi: 10.1111/dme.13595

[18]

Zafar MI, Mills KE, Zheng J, et al. Low glycaemic index diets as an intervention for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Obes Rev, 2019, 20: 290-315. doi: 10.1111/obr.12791

[19]

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: a syste-matic review and meta-analysis[J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2013, 23: 699-706. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.008

[20]

Abete I, Parra D, Martinez JA. Energy-restricted diets based on a distinct food selection affecting the glycemic index induce different weight loss and oxidative response[J]. Clin Nutr, 2008, 27: 545-551. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.005

[21]

Kucharska A, Gajewska D, Kiedrowski M, et al. The impact of individualised nutritional therapy according to DASH diet on blood pressure, body mass, and selected biochemical parameters in overweight/obese patients with primary arterial hypertension: a prospective randomised study[J]. Kardiol Pol, 2018, 76: 158-165. doi: 10.5603/KP.a2017.0184

[22]

RazaviZade M, Telkabadi MH, Bahmani F, et al. The effects of DASH diet on weight loss and metabolic status in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial[J]. Liver Int, 2016, 36: 563-571. doi: 10.1111/liv.12990

[23]

Shenoy SF, Poston WS, Reeves RS, et al. Weight loss in individuals with metabolic syndrome given DASH diet counseling when provided a low sodium vegetable juice: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Nutr J, 2010, 9: 8. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-8

[24]

Esposito K, Kastorini CM, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Mediterranean diet and weight loss: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2011, 9: 1-12. doi: 10.1089/met.2010.0031

[25]

Huo R, Du T, Xu Y, et al. Effects of Mediterranean-style diet on glycemic control, weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes individuals: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2015, 69: 1200-1208. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.243

[26]

Stendell-Hollis NR, Thompson PA, West JL, et al. A comparison of Mediterranean-style and MyPyramid diets on weight loss and inflammatory biomarkers in postpartum breastfeeding women[J]. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2013, 22: 48-57. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.3707

[27]

Di Daniele N, Petramala L, Di Renzo L, et al. Body composition changes and cardiometabolic benefits of a balanced Italian Mediterranean Diet in obese patients with metabolic syndrome[J]. Acta Diabetol, 2013, 50: 409-416. doi: 10.1007/s00592-012-0445-7

[28]

Astbury NM, Piernas C, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of meal replacements for weight loss[J]. Obes Rev, 2019, 20: 569-587. doi: 10.1111/obr.12816

[29]

Davis LM, Coleman C, Kiel J, et al. Efficacy of a meal replacement diet plan compared to a food-based diet plan after a period of weight loss and weight maintenance: a rando-mized controlled trial[J]. Nutr J, 2010, 9: 11. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-11

[30]

Kruschitz R, Wallner-Liebmann S, Lothaller H, et al. Long-Term Weight-Loss Maintenance by a Meal Replacement Based Weight Management Program in Primary Care[J]. Obes Facts, 2017, 10: 76-84. doi: 10.1159/000454836

[31]

Coleman CD, Kiel JR, Mitola AH, et al. Effectiveness of a Medifast meal replacement program on weight, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: a multicenter systematic retrospective chart review study[J]. Nutr J, 2015, 14: 77. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0062-8

[32]

Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, et al. Time Rest-ricted Eating Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Measures in Humans who are Overweight: A Feasibility Study[J]. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2020, 28: 860-869.

[33]

Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, et al. Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardio metabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity[J]. Cell Metab, 2020, 32: 366-378.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018

[34]

Gabel K, Hoddy KK, Haggerty N, et al. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study[J]. Nutr Healthy Aging, 2018, 4: 345-353. doi: 10.3233/NHA-170036

[35]

Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101: 15718-15723. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407076101

[36]

Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI. The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity[J]. J Physiol, 2009, 587: 4153-4158. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.174136

[37]

Viggiano A, Viggiano E, Di Costanzo A, et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adoles cents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2015, 174: 217-228. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2381-8

[38]

Meiklejohn S, Ryan L, Palermo C. A Systematic Review of the Impact of Multi-Strategy Nutrition Education Programs on Health and Nutrition of Adolescents[J]. J Nutr Educ Behav, 2016, 48: 631-646.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.07.015

[39]

Rock CL, Flatt SW, Byers TE, et al. Results of the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY) Trial: A Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention in Overweight or Obese Breast Cancer Survivors[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33: 3169-3176. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.1095

[40]

Ann Nutr Metab. Abstracts of the Asian Congress of Nutrition 2019[J]. Ann Nutr Metab, 2019, 75: 1-424.

[41]

Leblanc ES, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al. Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force[J]. JAMA, 2018, 320: 1172-1191. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.7777

[42]

Rudolph A, Hilbert A. Post-operative behavioural manage-ment in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Obes Rev, 2013, 14: 292-302. doi: 10.1111/obr.12013

[43]

Prabhakaran S, Misra S, Magila M, etal. Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Outcomes of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery and Standard Recovery Pathways in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy[J]. Obes Surg, 2020, 30: 3273-3279. doi: 10.1007/s11695-020-04585-2

[44]

Kouvelioti R, Vagenas G, Langley-Evans S. Effects of exercise and diet on weight loss maintenance in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review[J]. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2014, 54: 456-474.

[45]

De Toro-Martín J, Arsenault BJ, Després JP, et al. Preci-sion Nutrition: A Review of Personalized Nutritional Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome[J]. Nutrients, 2017, 9: 913. doi: 10.3390/nu9080913

[46]

Horne J, Gilliland J, O'Connor C, et al. Study protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial incorporated into the Group Lifestyle BalanceTM program: the nutrigenomics, overweight/obesity and weight management trial (the NOW trial)[J]. BMC Public Health, 2019, 19: 310. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6621-8

[47]

Ramos-Lopez O, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI, et al. Models Integrating Genetic and Lifestyle Interactions on Two Adiposity Phenotypes for Personalized Prescription of Energy Restric-ted Diets With Different Macronutrient Distribution[J]. Front Genet, 2019, 10: 686. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00686

[48]

Arkadianos I, Valdes AM, Marinos E, et al. Improved weight management using genetic information to personalize a calorie controlled diet[J]. Nutr J, 2007, 6: 29. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-29

[49]

O'Donoghue G, Blake C, Cunningham C, et al. What exercise prescription is optimal to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with obesity? A network meta-analysis[J]. Obes Rev, 2021, 22: e13137.

[50]

李明伟, 高剑峰, 吴迎春, 等. 不同营养支持治疗对青少年肥胖伴脂质代谢紊乱的影响[J]. 中国民康医学, 2015, 27: 104-105. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZMYX201504058.htm

[51]

张耀东, 谭利娜, 卫海燕, 等. 有氧运动结合饮食控制对单纯性肥胖儿童的干预效果[J]. 国际儿科学杂志, 2016, 43: 82-84. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4408.2016.01.023

[52]

Andela S, Burrows TL, Baur LA, et al. Efficacy of very low-energy diet programs for weight loss: A systematic review with meta-analysis of intervention studies in children and adolescents with obesity[J]. Obes Rev, 2019, 20: 871-882. doi: 10.1111/obr.12830

[53]

Sanada K, Chen R, Willcox B, et al. Association of sarcopenic obesity predicted by anthropometric measurements and 24-y all-cause mortality in elderly men: The Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program[J]. Nutrition, 2018, 46: 97-102. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.09.003

[54]

Lim SS, Hutchison SK, Van Ryswyk E, et al. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019, 3: CD007506.

[55]

Ji L, Hu D, Pan C, et al. Primacy of the 3B approach to control risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Am J Med, 2013, 126: 925. e11-e22. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.035

[56]

中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2021, 13: 315-409. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZZXJ202106003.htm

[57]

Aune D, Norat T, Vatten LJ. Body mass index and the risk of gout: a systematic review and dose-response metaanalysis of prospective studies[J]. Eur J Nutr, 2014, 53: 1591-1601. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0766-0

[58]

TerMaaten JC, Voorburg A, Heine RJ, et al. Renal hand-ling of urate and sodium during acute physiological hyperinsulinaemia in healthy subjects[J]. Clin Sci (Lond), 1997, 92: 51-58. doi: 10.1042/cs0920051

施引文献

资源附件(0)

访问统计

PDF下载

( 1087 KB)

XML下载

导出引用

Turn off MathJax

点击查看大图

计量

文章访问数:

2574

HTML全文浏览量:

304

PDF下载量:

1298

被引次数: 0

出版历程

收稿日期:

2021-12-21

录用日期:

2022-01-30

网络出版日期:

2022-01-30

刊出日期:

2022-03-30

×Close

导出文件

文件类别

RIS(可直接使用Endnote编辑器进行编辑)

Bib(可直接使用Latex编辑器进行编辑)

Txt

引用内容

引文——仅导出文章的Citation信息

引文和摘要——导出文章的Citation信息和文章摘要信息

导出

关闭

下载:

全尺寸图片幻灯片

返回文章

用微信扫码二维码

分享至好友和朋友圈

友情链接:

国家卫生健康委员会

北京协和医院

中国医学科学院

学术不端检测系统

国际知识资源总库

中国知网

术语在线

中国全科医学

地址：北京市东城区帅府园1号北京协和医院老楼7号楼3层302室《协和医学杂志》编辑部

电话：010-69154261/4262

E - mail：medj@pumch.cn

mjpumch@126.com

本系统由

北京仁和汇智信息技术有限公司

开发

关闭

永久关闭

【温馨提醒】近日，《协和医学杂志》编辑部接到作者反映，有多名不法人员冒充期刊编辑发送见刊通知，鼓动作者添加微信，从而骗取版面费的行为。特提醒您，本刊与作者联系的方式均为邮件通知或电话，稿件进度通知邮箱为：mjpumch@126.com，编辑部电话为：010-69154261，请提高警惕，谨防上当受骗！如有任何疑问，请致电编辑部核实。谢谢！

Obesity - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

This content does not have an English version.This content does not have an Arabic version.

Skip to contentCare at

Mayo Clinic Patient-Centered Care About Mayo Clinic Request Appointment Find a Doctor Locations Clinical Trials Connect to Support Groups Patient & Visitor Guide Insurance & Billing Departments & Centers International Services Contact UsPatient & Visitor Guide Health

Library Diseases & Conditions Symptoms Tests & Procedures Drugs & Supplements Healthy Lifestyle Books & SubscriptionsDiseases & Conditions For Medical

Professionals Medical Professional Resources Refer a Patient Continuing Medical Education AskMayoExpert Mayo Clinic Laboratories Video Center Journals & Publications Mayo Clinic Alumni AssociationContinuing Medical Education Research & Education

at Mayo ClinicResearch Research at Mayo Clinic Research Faculty Laboratories Core Facilities Centers & Programs Departments & Divisions Clinical Trials Institutional Review Board Postdoctoral Fellowships Training Grant ProgramsEducation Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional DevelopmentMayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Giving to

Mayo Clinic Give Now Giving to Mayo Clinic Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us to GiveMake a Donation Request appointment Log inSearchMenu Request appointment Donate Diseases & conditions Find a doctorCare at Mayo Clinic Patient-Centered Care About Mayo Clinic Request Appointment Find a Doctor Locations Clinical Trials Connect to Support Groups Patient & Visitor Guide Insurance & Billing Departments & Centers International Services Contact UsPatient & Visitor Guide Health Library Diseases & Conditions Symptoms Tests & Procedures Drugs & Supplements Healthy Lifestyle Books & SubscriptionsDiseases & Conditions For Medical Professionals Medical Professional Resources Refer a Patient Continuing Medical Education AskMayoExpert Mayo Clinic Laboratories Video Center Journals & Publications Mayo Clinic Alumni AssociationContinuing Medical Education Research & Education at Mayo ClinicResearch Research at Mayo Clinic Research Faculty Laboratories Core Facilities Centers & Programs Departments & Divisions Clinical Trials Institutional Review Board Postdoctoral Fellowships Training Grant ProgramsEducation Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional DevelopmentMayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Giving to Mayo Clinic Give Now Giving to Mayo Clinic Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us to GiveMake a Donation

Patient Care & Health Information

Diseases & Conditions

Obesity

Request an Appointment

Symptoms &causesDiagnosis &treatmentDoctors &departmentsCare atMayo Clinic

OverviewObesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It's a medical problem that increases the risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers.

There are many reasons why some people have trouble losing weight. Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices.

The good news is that even modest weight loss can improve or prevent the health problems associated with obesity. A healthier diet, increased physical activity and behavior changes can help you lose weight. Prescription medicines and weight-loss procedures are other options for treating obesity.Products & ServicesA Book: The Mayo Clinic Diet Bundle

SymptomsBody mass index, known as BMI, is often used to diagnose obesity. To calculate BMI, multiply weight in pounds by 703, divide by height in inches and then divide again by height in inches. Or divide weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. There are several online calculators available that help calculate BMI.

See BMI calculator

BMI

Weight status

Below 18.5

Underweight

18.5-24.9

Healthy

25.0-29.9

Overweight

30.0 and higher

Obesity

Asians with a BMI of 23 or higher may have an increased risk of health problems.

For most people, BMI provides a reasonable estimate of body fat. However, BMI doesn't directly measure body fat. Some people, such as muscular athletes, may have a BMI in the obesity category even though they don't have excess body fat.

Many health care professionals also measure around a person's waist to help guide treatment decisions. This measurement is called a waist circumference. Weight-related health problems are more common in men with a waist circumference over 40 inches (102 centimeters). They're more common in women with a waist measurement over 35 inches (89 centimeters). Body fat percentage is another measurement that may be used during a weight loss program to track progress.

When to see a doctorIf you're concerned about your weight or weight-related health problems, ask your health care professional about obesity management. You and your health care team can evaluate your health risks and discuss your weight-loss options.More InformationObesity care at Mayo ClinicWhat is insulin resistance? A Mayo Clinic expert explains

Request an appointment

There is a problem with

information submitted for this request. Review/update the

information highlighted below and resubmit the form.

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview.

ErrorEmail field is required

ErrorInclude a valid email address

Learn more about Mayo Clinic’s use of data.

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which

information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with

other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could

include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected

health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health

information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of

privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on

the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Subscribe!

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

Retry

CausesAlthough there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat.

In the United States, most people's diets are too high in calories — often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety.

Many people who live in Western countries now have jobs that are much less physically demanding, so they don't tend to burn as many calories at work. Even daily activities use fewer calories, courtesy of conveniences such as remote controls, escalators, online shopping, and drive-through restaurants and banks.

Risk factorsObesity often results from a combination of causes and contributing factors:

Family inheritance and influencesThe genes you inherit from your parents may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics also may play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy, how your body regulates your appetite and how your body burns calories during exercise.

Obesity tends to run in families. That's not just because of the genes they share. Family members also tend to share similar eating and activity habits.

Lifestyle choices

Unhealthy diet. A diet that's high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions contributes to weight gain.

Liquid calories. People can drink many calories without feeling full, especially calories from alcohol. Other high-calorie beverages, such as sugared soft drinks, can contribute to weight gain.

Inactivity. If you have an inactive lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. Looking at computer, tablet and phone screens is inactivity. The number of hours spent in front of a screen is highly associated with weight gain.

Certain diseases and medicationsIn some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other conditions. Medical problems, such as arthritis, also can lead to decreased activity, which may result in weight gain.

Some medicines can lead to weight gain if you don't compensate through diet or activity. These medicines include steroids, some antidepressants, anti-seizure medicines, diabetes medicines, antipsychotic medicines and certain beta blockers.

Social and economic issuesSocial and economic factors are linked to obesity. It's hard to avoid obesity if you don't have safe areas to walk or exercise. You may not have learned healthy ways of cooking. Or you may not have access to healthier foods. Also, the people you spend time with may influence your weight. You're more likely to develop obesity if you have friends or relatives with obesity.

AgeObesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity. The amount of muscle in your body also tends to decrease with age. Lower muscle mass often leads to a decrease in metabolism. These changes also reduce calorie needs and can make it harder to keep off excess weight. If you don't consciously control what you eat and become more physically active as you age, you'll likely gain weight.

Other factors

Pregnancy. Weight gain is common during pregnancy. Some women find this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born. This weight gain may contribute to the development of obesity in women.

Quitting smoking. Quitting smoking is often associated with weight gain. And for some, it can lead to enough weight gain to qualify as obesity. Often, this happens as people use food to cope with smoking withdrawal. But overall, quitting smoking is still a greater benefit to your health than is continuing to smoke. Your health care team can help you prevent weight gain after quitting smoking.

Lack of sleep. Not getting enough sleep can cause changes in hormones that increase appetite. So can getting too much sleep. You also may crave foods high in calories and carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain.

Stress. Many external factors that affect mood and well-being may contribute to obesity. People often seek more high-calorie food during stressful situations.

Microbiome. The make-up of your gut bacteria is affected by what you eat and may contribute to weight gain or trouble losing weight.

Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn't mean that you're destined to develop obesity. You can counteract most risk factors through diet, physical activity and exercise. Behavior changes, medicines and procedures for obesity also can help.

ComplicationsPeople with obesity are more likely to develop a number of potentially serious health problems, including:

Heart disease and strokes. Obesity makes you more likely to have high blood pressure and unhealthy cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for heart disease and strokes.

Type 2 diabetes. Obesity can affect the way the body uses insulin to control blood sugar levels. This raises the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes.

Certain cancers. Obesity may increase the risk of cancer of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney and prostate.

Digestive problems. Obesity increases the likelihood of developing heartburn, gallbladder disease and liver problems.

Sleep apnea. People with obesity are more likely to have sleep apnea, a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

Osteoarthritis. Obesity increases the stress placed on weight-bearing joints. It also promotes inflammation, which includes swelling, pain and a feeling of heat within the body. These factors may lead to complications such as osteoarthritis.

Fatty liver disease. Obesity increases the risk of fatty liver disease, a condition that happens due to excessive fat deposit in the liver. In some cases, this can lead to serious liver damage, known as liver cirrhosis.

Severe COVID-19 symptoms. Obesity increases the risk of developing severe symptoms if you become infected with the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19. People who have severe cases of COVID-19 may need treatment in intensive care units or even mechanical assistance to breathe.

Related information

Link between extra pounds, severe COVID-19 illness grows stronger - Related informationLink between extra pounds, severe COVID-19 illness grows stronger

Quality of lifeObesity can diminish the overall quality of life. You may not be able to do physical activities that you used to enjoy. You may avoid public places. People with obesity may even encounter discrimination.

Other weight-related issues that may affect your quality of life include:

Depression.

Disability.

Shame and guilt.

Social isolation.

Lower work achievement.

By Mayo Clinic Staff

Obesity care at Mayo Clinic

Request an appointment

Diagnosis & treatment

July 22, 2023

Show references

Overweight and obesity. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/overweight-and-obesity. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Goldman L, et al., eds. Obesity. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 21. 2022.

Kellerman RD, et al. Obesity in adults. In: Conn's Current Therapy 2023. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Feldman M, et al., eds. Obesity. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Perrault L. Obesity in adults: Prevalence, screening and evaluation. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Melmed S, et al. Obesity. In: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

COVID-19: People with certain medical conditions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Perrault L. Obesity in adults: Overview of management. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Healthy weight, nutrition and physical activity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/index.html. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

Ferri FF. Obesity. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.

Feldman M, et al., eds. Surgical and Endoscopic Treatment of Obesity. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 21, 2022.

BMI and waist circumference calculator

What is insulin resistance? A Mayo Clinic expert explains

Associated Procedures

Bariatric surgery

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)

Cholesterol test

Gastric bypass (Roux-en-Y)

Intragastric balloon

Liver function tests

Sleeve gastrectomy

Show more associated procedures

News from Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic researchers pave the way for individualized obesity therapy, tailoring interventions to a person's needs

July 12, 2023, 03:00 p.m. CDT

People with severe obesity and a genetic pathway variant have increased risk of hypertension, Mayo Clinic research finds

April 18, 2023, 08:00 p.m. CDT

Obesity makes it harder to diagnose and treat heart disease

Feb. 28, 2023, 04:15 p.m. CDT

Mayo Clinic Minute: Obesity and heart disease

Feb. 23, 2023, 05:30 p.m. CDT

Healthy Weight Awareness Month. Mayo Clinic innovations can help you lose weight, keep it off

Jan. 05, 2023, 04:15 p.m. CDT

Mayo Clinic Q and A: Probiotics, gut bacteria and weight -- what's the connection?

Sept. 25, 2022, 11:00 a.m. CDT

Addressing health care barriers during Hispanic Heritage Month

Sept. 15, 2022, 04:30 p.m. CDT

Show more news from Mayo Clinic

Products & Services

A Book: The Mayo Clinic Diet Bundle

ObesitySymptoms&causesDiagnosis&treatmentDoctors&departmentsCare atMayoClinic

Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.

Advertising & Sponsorship

Policy

Opportunities

Ad Choices

Mayo Clinic Press

Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press.

Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic PressMayo Clinic on IncontinenceThe Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic PressThe Essential Diabetes BookMayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic PressMayo Clinic on Hearing and BalanceFREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic PressFREE Mayo Clinic Diet AssessmentMayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic PressMayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book

CON-20375722

Patient Care & Health Information

Diseases & Conditions

Obesity

Your gift holds great power – donate today! DonateMake your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine.

Donate

Find a doctor Explore careers Sign up for free e-newslettersAbout Mayo Clinic About this Site Contact Us Locations Health Information Policy Media Requests News Network Price TransparencyMedical Professionals AskMayoExpert Clinical Trials Mayo Clinic Alumni Association Refer a PatientBusinesses Executive Health Program International Business Collaborations Facilities & Real Estate Supplier InformationMedical Professionals AskMayoExpert Clinical Trials Mayo Clinic Alumni Association Refer a PatientBusinesses Executive Health Program International Business Collaborations Facilities & Real Estate Supplier InformationStudents Admissions Requirements Degree Programs Student & Faculty PortalStudents Degree Programs Admissions Requirements Student & Faculty PortalResearchers Research Faculty LaboratoriesInternational Patients Appointments Financial Services International Locations & OfficesCharitable Care & Financial Assistance Community Health Needs Assessment Financial Assistance Documents – Arizona Financial Assistance Documents – Florida Financial Assistance Documents – MinnesotaFollow Mayo Clinic X Youtube Facebook Linkedin InstagramGet the Mayo Clinic app

Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Notice of Privacy Practices Notice of Nondiscrimination Accessibility Statement Advertising & Sponsorship Policy Site Map Manage Cookies Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy Notice of Privacy Practices Notice of Nondiscrimination Accessibility Statement Advertising and Sponsorship Policy Site Map Manage CookiesLanguage:English English Español العربية 简体中文© 1998-2024 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved.

Language:English English Español العربية 简体中文

The unparalleled rise of obesity in China: a call to action | International Journal of Obesity

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain

the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in

Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles

and JavaScript.

View all journals

Explore content

About the journal

Publish with us

RSS feed

nature

international journal of obesity

editorials

article

The unparalleled rise of obesity in China: a call to action

Download PDF

Editorial

Published: 19 February 2021

Epidemiology and Population HealthThe unparalleled rise of obesity in China: a call to action

Erik Hemmingsson

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7335-37961

International Journal of Obesity

volume 45, pages 921–922 (2021)Cite this article

15k Accesses

12 Citations

41 Altmetric

Metrics details

Subjects

EpidemiologyObesity

Whenever civilisations ignore a problem, they will inevitably experience increasingly louder wake-up calls, of which the year 2020 is certainly a telling example. When it comes to obesity in the Western hemisphere, mainly North America and Europe, there have been many such instances over the decades, most of them thoroughly ignored, to the countries clear detriment. A recent example from February 2020 was when obesity in the US (data from 2017 to 2018) reached 42% among adults, with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) approaching double digits at 9% [1]. While European nations are behind the US, the same upward trajectory is certainly present, especially in socially vulnerable populations [2, 3]. The corresponding numbers in the Eastern hemisphere, mainly Asia, are generally lower still, but this appears to be changing. In this issue of the journal Ma et al. [4], convincingly show that China is in the midst of a severely alarming increase in obesity, particularly abdominal obesity. When these increases are combined with the sheer size of China’s population, we are likely witnessing an unparalleled development, at least in scope.Using a series of cross-sectional surveys between 1993 and 2015, including ~70,000 adults from different regions of China, Ma et al. calculated overall and subgroup trends, using standardisation to account for variations between surveys in important prognostic variables, such as age, gender, etc. They also carried out extensive sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of their findings. While there are always limitations in using multiple cross-sectional surveys to study population trends, which the authors discuss and acknowledge, we can nevertheless be reasonably confident that the findings are both valid and representative of the development of obesity and abdominal obesity in Chinese adults since 1993. A particularly strong point of the study was the inclusion of waist circumference data.The authors found that obesity (using the WHO cut-off of BMI ≥ 27.5 m/kg2) increased from 4.2% in 1993 to 15.7% in 2015. At the same time abdominal obesity (≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women) increased from 20.2% to 46.9%. A simple visual inspection of the distribution of BMI and waist circumference in 1993 versus 2015 tells a very stark picture indeed (Fig. 1), with a flattening and marked shift to the right, especially for waist circumference.Fig. 1Changes in the distribution of A body mass index and B waist circumference in Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015.Full size imageLine graphs of the prevalence rates at the different survey time points paint a similarly bleak picture: a clear and drastic increase, with no discernible signs of a slowdown, mirroring the developments seen in the US and elsewhere [1, 2]. Rudimentary arithmetic indicate an annual increase for obesity of just over 0.5 percentage points ([15.7–4.2]/22 y) and 1.2 percentage points ([46.9–20.2]/22) for abdominal obesity. Assuming a continued linear increase, China can expect over 20% obesity and a staggering 59% abdominal obesity within a decade. The dangers of wide-spread type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease loom very large indeed.While obesity aetiology is multifactorial, including many aspects that are still not well understood, there are also likely to be underlying factors that are specific to China, such as previous famines and social policies. But the main overall driver is likely to be China’s exceptionally rapid economic growth [5]. While this has created more prosperity and reduced poverty, the flipside has been an equally rapid nutrition transition [6], away from more traditional and balanced foods to a gradual introduction of ultra-processed junk food products [4, 6]. Such changes in our diet are now increasingly being implicated in weight gain and obesity [7], as well as many other chronic diseases [8].The findings of Ma et al. are therefore a stark warning to China and other developing countries. Individuals will always have a clear responsibility for their health, but empirical evidence from the West and elsewhere show that this will not be enough. Neither should we put any stock in requests to the multinational food industry to self-regulate, something they have no financial interest in. While successful obesity prevention will obviously require many changes to our societies, not just the food environment, a sensible option is nevertheless to start using policy measures to curb consumption of obesogenic food products, i.e. an initial focus on intermediary outcomes.Much of the political disinterest in implementing such policies, at least in the West [9], can probably be traced to the public opinion that obesity is self-inflicted, and that individuals with obesity lack character and will-power. This is a flawed narrative that is now facing increasing and much welcome resistance from academics, physicians and patient groups [10]. Another mental barrier to action is the nanny-state argument. This holds more merit, since we do not want governments to be overly authoritarian, but rather to act in a way that facilitates healthy choices, especially for socially vulnerable groups [3]. A key issue will be to make healthy food options cheaper and more available, and also to conduct rigorous scientific evaluations on the effectiveness of such policies.China and many other developing countries now face important choices. They can choose a path similar to the West, where obesity has been largely ignored. Or they can choose a path where sound and scientifically driven policies are used to balance continued economic prosperity with the clear ambition to facilitate healthy lifestyles.

ReferencesHales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;360:1–8.Hemmingsson E, Ekblom O, Kallings LV, Andersson G, Wallin P, Soderling J, et al. Prevalence and time trends of overweight, obesity and severe obesity in 447,925 Swedish adults, 1995–2017. Scand J Public Health. 2020.1403494820914802.Magnusson M, Sorensen TI, Olafsdottir S, Lehtinen-Jacks S, Holmen TL, Heitmann BL, et al. Social inequalities in obesity persist in the Nordic region despite its relative affluence and equity. Curr Obes Rep. 2014;3:1–15.Article

Google Scholar

Ma S, Xi B, Yang L, Sun J, Zhao M, Bovet P. Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45:427–37.Fox A, Feng W, Asal V. What is driving global obesity trends? Globalization or “modernization”? Global Health. 2019;15:32.Article

Google Scholar

Du SF, Wang HJ, Zhang B, Zhai FY, Popkin BM. China in the period of transition from scarcity and extensive undernutrition to emerging nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, 1949–1992. Obes Rev. 2014;15 (Suppl 1):8–15.Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Hall KD, Ayuketha A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, Chen KY, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metab. 2019;32:690.Article

Google Scholar

Chen X, Zhang Z, Yang H, Qiu P, Wang H, Wang F, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Nutr J. 2020;19:86.Article

Google Scholar

Lyn R, Heath E, Dubhashi J. Global implementation of obesity prevention policies: a review of progress, politics, and the path forward. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8:504–16.Article

Google Scholar

Rubino F, Puhl RM, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Ryan DH, Mechanick JI, et al. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nat Med. 2020;26:485–97.Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, SwedenErik HemmingssonAuthorsErik HemmingssonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to

Erik Hemmingsson.Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Rights and permissionsReprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleHemmingsson, E. The unparalleled rise of obesity in China: a call to action.

Int J Obes 45, 921–922 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00774-wDownload citationReceived: 25 August 2020Revised: 15 January 2021Accepted: 21 January 2021Published: 19 February 2021Issue Date: May 2021DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00774-wShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

This article is cited by

The effect of dietary carbohydrate and calorie restriction on weight and metabolic health in overweight/obese individuals: a multi-center randomized controlled trial

Jia SunYuting RuanHong Chen

BMC Medicine (2023)

Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery and Medical Insurance Payment in China

Hui LiangCong Li

Current Obesity Reports (2023)

Download PDF

Associated content

Collection

Readers Choice: The best of International Journal of Obesity 2021

Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015

Shujing MaBo XiPascal Bovet

International Journal of Obesity

Article

10 Oct 2020

Explore content

Research articles

Reviews & Analysis

News & Comment

Current issue

Collections

RSS feed

About the journal

Journal Information

Open Access Fees and Funding

About the Editors

Contact

Supplements

For Advertisers

Publish with us

For Authors & Referees

Language editing services

Submit manuscript

Search articles by subject, keyword or author

Show results from

All journals

This journal

Advanced search

Quick links

Explore articles by subject

Find a job

Guide to authors

Editorial policies

International Journal of Obesity (Int J Obes)

ISSN 1476-5497 (online)

ISSN 0307-0565 (print)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

About us

Press releases

Press office

Discover content

Journals A-Z

Articles by subject

Protocol Exchange

Nature Index

Publishing policies

Nature portfolio policies

Open access

Author & Researcher services

Reprints & permissions

Research data

Language editing

Scientific editing

Nature Masterclasses

Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

Librarian service & tools

Librarian portal

Open research

Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

Advertising

Partnerships & Services

Media kits

Branded

content

Professional development

Nature Careers

Nature

Conferences

Regional websites

Nature Africa

Nature China

Nature India

Nature Italy

Nature Japan

Nature Korea

Nature Middle East

Privacy

Policy

Use

of cookies

Your privacy choices/Manage cookies

Legal

notice

Accessibility

statement

Terms & Conditions

Your US state privacy rights

Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015 | International Journal of Obesity

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain

the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in

Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles

and JavaScript.

View all journals

Explore content

About the journal

Publish with us

RSS feed

nature

international journal of obesity

articles

article

Article

Published: 10 October 2020

Epidemiology and Population HealthTrends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015

Shujing Ma1, Bo Xi

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-55851, Liu Yang1, Jiahong Sun1, Min Zhao2 & …Pascal Bovet

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0242-42593 Show authors

International Journal of Obesity

volume 45, pages 427–437 (2021)Cite this article

1794 Accesses

82 Citations

2 Altmetric

Metrics details

Subjects

ObesityRisk factors

AbstractBackgroundMost previous studies on trends in the prevalence of obesity or abdominal obesity in Chinese adults were based on regional data and/or short time intervals, and recent trends are not available. We aimed to examine the secular trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults at the national level from 1993 to 2015.MethodsA total of 70,242 Chinese adults aged 18–80 years were from the cross-sectional surveys conducted from 1993 to 2015. According to the World Health Organization criteria, overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥23.0 kg/m2 and <27.5 kg/m2, and obesity was defined as BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2. According to the International Diabetes Federation criteria, abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women. Mean values and prevalence of adiposity markers were standardized to the age distribution of the China population in 2010.ResultsBetween 1993 and 2015, and based on age-standardized values, mean BMI increased from 21.9 kg/m2 in 1993 to 23.9 kg/m2 (+2.0 kg/m2) in 2015 (P for trend < 0.001), and mean WC increased from 76.0 cm to 83.4 cm (+7.4 cm) (P for trend <0.001). From 1993 to 2015, the prevalence increased from 26.6% to 41.3% (+14.7%) for overweight, from 4.2% to 15.7% (+11.5%) for obesity, and from 20.2% to 46.9% (+26.7%) for abdominal obesity (all P for trends < 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, time (calendar years), older age and urban regions were strongly and independently associated with BMI.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity increased markedly among Chinese adults during the past two decades. Weight control programs and public health measures to address the societal causes of obesity should be strengthened.

Access through your institution

Buy or subscribe

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access through your institution

Change institution

Buy or subscribe

Subscribe to this journalReceive 12 print issues and online access251,40 € per yearonly 20,95 € per issueLearn moreRent or buy this articlePrices vary by article typefrom$1.95to$39.95Learn morePrices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Additional access options:

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Read our FAQs

Contact customer support

Fig. 1: Distribution of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults from 1993 to 2015.Fig. 2: Trends in the crude and age-standardized prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity, in Chinese adults from 1993 to 2015 according to various definitions.

ReferencesGBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:13–27.

Google Scholar

Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, Abate N, Aronne LJ, Brown WV, et al. Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7:304–83.PubMed

Google Scholar

Piche ME, Poirier P, Lemieux I, Despres JP. Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to cardiovascular disease: an update. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61:103–13.PubMed

Google Scholar

De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer. J Obes. 2013;2013:291546.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Bhaskaran K, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3·6 million adults in the UK. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:944–53.PubMed

Google Scholar

Apovian CM. Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care. 2016;22:s176–85.PubMed

Google Scholar

Foucan L, Hanley J, Deloumeaux J, Suissa S. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as screening tools for cardiovascular risk factors in Guadeloupean women. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:990–6.PubMed

Google Scholar

Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:379–84.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Hu J, Yang S, Zhang A, Yang P, Cao X, Li X, et al. Abdominal obesity is more closely associated with diabetic kidney disease than general obesity. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:e179–80.PubMed

Google Scholar

Goryakin Y, Lobstein T, James WPT, Suhrcke M. The impact of economic, political and social globalization on overweight and obesity in the 56 low and middle income countries. Soc Sci Med. 2015;133:67–76.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Hou XH, Liu Y, Lu HJ, Ma XJ, Hu C, Bao YQ, et al. Ten-year changes in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity among the Chinese adults in urban Shanghai, 1998–2007—comparison of two cross-sectional surveys. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1064PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Xi B, Liang Y, He T, Reilly KH, Hu Y, Wang Q, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993–2009. Obes Rev. 2012;13:287–96.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Zhai Y, Fang HY, Yu WT, Yu DM, Zhao LY, Liang XF, et al. Changes in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults over a ten-year period. Biomed Environ Sci. 2017;30:315–22.PubMed

Google Scholar

Zhang B, Zhai FY, Du SF, Popkin BM. The China health and nutrition survey 1989-2011. Obes Rev. 2014;15:2–7.PubMed

Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series. 1995;854:1–452.World Health Organization. Expert consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–63.

Google Scholar

KGMM Alberti, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. The Lancet. 2005;366:1059–62.

Google Scholar

National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China. WST 428-2013 Criteria of weight for adults. Standards Press of China: Beijing.Mi YJ, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Yan J, Han W, Zhao J, et al. Prevalence and secular trends in obesity among Chinese adults, 1991–2011. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49:661–9.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

He Y, Pan A, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, et al. prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among reproductive-age women and adolescent girls in rural China. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:2103–10.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Wan Y, Jiang X, He Y, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Pan F, et al. Body mass index of young men in china: results from four national surveys conducted between 1955 and 2012. Medicine (Baltim). 2016;95:e2829.

Google Scholar

Wu J, Xu H, He X, Yuan Y, Wang C, Sun J, et al. Six-year changes in the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases in Northeastern China from 2007 to 2013. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41518.CAS

PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Wang Y, Pan L, Wan S, Yi H, Yang F, He H, et al. Increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi farmers and migrants from 2007 to 2015 in China: the Yi migrant study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:659.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Sun J, Zhou W, Gu T, Zhu D, Bi Y. A retrospective study on association between obesity and cardiovascular risk diseases with aging in Chinese adults. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5806.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Zhang J, Wan S, Zhang B, Dong F, Pan L, Yihuo W, et al. Twenty-year time trends in hypertension prevalence in Yi people of China: three successive cross-sectional studies, 1996–2015. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e022714.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Shen C, Zhou Z, Lai S, Tao X, Zhao D, Dong W, et al. Urban-rural-specific trend in prevalence of general and central obesity, and association with hypertension in Chinese adults, aged 18-65 years. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:661.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Nie P, Ding L, Sousa-Poza A. Decomposing adult obesity trends in China (1991–2011). Econ Hum Biol. 2019;34:5–15.PubMed

Google Scholar

Chen YJ, Peng Q, Yang Y, Zheng S, Wang Y, Lu W. The prevalence and increasing trends of overweight, general obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1293.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Du P, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Qi SF, Mi YJ, Yao JC, et al. The prevalence and secular trends of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993–2011. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25:797–9.PubMed

Google Scholar

Keating C, Backholer K, Gearon E, Stevenson C, Swinburn B, Moodie M, et al. Prevalence of class-I, class-II and class-III obesity in Australian adults between 1995 and 2011–12. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:553–62.PubMed

Google Scholar

Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016;315:2284–91.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Heiniger S, Viswanathan B, Gedeon J, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure in the Seychelles between 1989 and 2013. J Hypertens. 2017;35:1465–73.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Shin HY, Kang HT. Recent trends in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2014. J Epidemiol. 2017;27:413–9.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387:1377–96.

Google Scholar

Caspard H, Jabbour S, Hammar N, Fenici P, Sheehan JJ, Kosiborod M. Recent trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the association with abdominal obesity lead to growing health disparities in the USA: An analysis of the NHANES surveys from 1999 to 2014. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:667–71.PubMed

Google Scholar

Popkin BM. Synthesis and implications: China’s nutrition transition in the context of changes across other low- and middle-income countries. Obes Rev. 2014;15:60–7.PubMed

Google Scholar

Li Y, Wang DD, Ley SH, Howard AG, He Y, Lu Y, et al. Potential impact of time trend of life-style factors on cardiovascular disease burden in China. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:818–33.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Qin L, Stolk RP, Corpeleijn E. Motorized transportation, social status, and adiposity: the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:1–10.PubMed

Google Scholar

Monteiro CA, Moubarac JC, Cannon G, Ng SW, Popkin B. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes Rev. 2013;14:21–8.PubMed

Google Scholar

Wang K, Liang R, Ma ZL, Chen J, Cheung EFC, Roalf DR, et al. Body image attitude among Chinese college students. Psych J. 2018;7:31–40.PubMed

Google Scholar

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature. 2019;569:260–4.

Google Scholar

Pickett W, King N, Lawson J, Dosman JA, Trask C, Brison RJ, et al. Farmers, mechanized work, and links to obesity. Prev Med. 2015;70:59–63.PubMed

Google Scholar

Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13:275–86.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, Atkins VJ, Baker PI, Bogard JR, et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the lancet commission report. Lancet. 2019;393:791–846.PubMed

Google Scholar

Erion KA, Corkey BE. Hyperinsulinemia: a cause of obesity? Curr Obes Rep. 2017;6:178–86.PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Page MM, Johnson JD. Mild suppression of hyperinsulinemia to treat obesity and insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29:389–99.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Templeman NM, Skovsø S, Page MM, Lim GE, Johnson JD. A causal role for hyperinsulinemia in obesity. J Endocrinol. 2017;232:R173–83.CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Nugent R, Fottrell E. Non-communicable diseases and climate change: linked global emergencies. Lancet. 2019;394:622–3.PubMed

Google Scholar

Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis study was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) (P01-HD28076, HD30880, and HD39183).The authors thank the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the University of North Carolina for sharing their data.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaShujing Ma, Bo Xi, Liu Yang & Jiahong SunDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaMin ZhaoCenter for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandPascal BovetAuthorsShujing MaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarBo XiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarLiu YangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJiahong SunView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMin ZhaoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarPascal BovetView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsBX and PB conceptualised and designed the study, supervised the data collation, statistical analyses, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. SM did the statistical analyses, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. LY, JS, and MZ reviewed and revised the manuscript. We approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

Bo Xi.Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary informationSupplemental tablesRights and permissionsReprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleMa, S., Xi, B., Yang, L. et al. Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015.

Int J Obes 45, 427–437 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00698-xDownload citationReceived: 15 May 2020Accepted: 26 September 2020Published: 10 October 2020Issue Date: February 2021DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00698-xShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Access through your institution

Buy or subscribe

Access through your institution

Change institution

Buy or subscribe

Associated content

The unparalleled rise of obesity in China: a call to action

Erik Hemmingsson

International Journal of Obesity

Editorial

19 Feb 2021

Explore content

Research articles

Reviews & Analysis

News & Comment

Current issue

Collections

RSS feed

About the journal

Journal Information

Open Access Fees and Funding

About the Editors

Contact

Supplements

For Advertisers

Publish with us

For Authors & Referees

Language editing services

Submit manuscript

Search articles by subject, keyword or author

Show results from

All journals

This journal

Advanced search

Quick links

Explore articles by subject

Find a job

Guide to authors

Editorial policies

International Journal of Obesity (Int J Obes)

ISSN 1476-5497 (online)

ISSN 0307-0565 (print)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

About us

Press releases

Press office

Discover content

Journals A-Z

Articles by subject

Protocol Exchange

Nature Index

Publishing policies

Nature portfolio policies

Open access

Author & Researcher services

Reprints & permissions

Research data

Language editing

Scientific editing

Nature Masterclasses

Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

Librarian service & tools

Librarian portal

Open research

Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

Advertising

Partnerships & Services

Media kits

Branded

content

Professional development

Nature Careers

Nature

Conferences

Regional websites

Nature Africa

Nature China

Nature India

Nature Italy

Nature Japan

Nature Korea

Nature Middle East

Privacy

Policy

Use

of cookies

Your privacy choices/Manage cookies

Legal

notice

Accessibility

statement

Terms & Conditions

Your US state privacy rights

Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity | Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity | CDC

Skip directly to site content

Skip directly to search

Español |

Other Languages

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People

Submit

Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity

Health Effects of Overweight and ObesityEspañol (Spanish) | Print

Minus

Food Assistance and Food Systems Resources

People who have overweight or obesity*, compared to those with healthy weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions. These include:1,2,3

All-causes of death (mortality).

High blood pressure (hypertension).

High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (dyslipidemia).

Type 2 diabetes.

Coronary heart disease.

Stroke.

Gallbladder disease.

Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint).

Sleep apnea and breathing problems.

Many types of cancer.

Low quality of life.

Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders4,5.

Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning6.

*Overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or higher. Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher. See the BMI calculator for people 20 years and older and the BMI calculator for people ages 2 through 19.

Top of Page

Want to learn more?Overweight and Obesity

Data, strategies, and initiatives—CDC.

Weight Loss for Good

Being overweight brings added risks for people with diabetes—American Diabetes Association.

Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, And Treatment of Overweight And Obesity in Adults [PDF-1.28MB]

Health problems associated with overweight and obesity—National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity

Causes, risk factors, screening, prevention and more—National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

Adult Obesity Maps

Self-reported US adult obesity prevalence by race, ethnicity, and location.

References1NHLBI. 2013. Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Systematic Evidence Review from the Obesity Expert Panel. [PDF-5.89MB]

2Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. [PDF-1.25MB]

3Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5•24 million UK adults. Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):755-65.

4Kasen, Stephanie, et al. “Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study.” International Journal of Obesity 32.3 (2008): 558-566.

5Luppino, Floriana S., et al. “Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. “Archives of General Psychiatry 67.3 (2010): 220-229.

6Roberts, Robert E., et al. “Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study.” International Journal of Obesity 27.4 (2003): 514-521.

Top of Page

Connect with Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity

Last Reviewed: September 24, 2022 Source: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Facebook

Twitter

Syndicate

homeHealthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity

Assessing Your Weightplus icon

Body Mass Index (BMI)

About Adult BMI

Adult BMI Calculatorplus icon

Metric Version

About Child & Teen BMIplus icon

Measuring Children’s Height and Weight Accurately At Home

Child & Teen BMI Calculator

Children’s BMI Tool for Schools

Finding a Balance

Losing Weightplus icon

Improving Your Eating Habits

Keeping It Off

Healthy Eating for a Healthy Weightplus icon

Water and Healthier Drinksplus icon

Rethink Your Drink

Know Your Limits for Added Sugars

Planning Meals and Snacks

Cutting Caloriesplus icon

Using Fruits & Vegetables to Manage Your Weight

Physical Activity for a Healthy Weightplus icon

Getting Started

Tips for Parents

Health Effects of Overweight & Obesity

External Resources

email_03Get Email Updates To receive email updates about this topic, enter your email address. Email Address What's this? Submit

Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity

About Us

Nutrition

Physical Activity

Overweight & Obesity

Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity

Breastfeeding

Micronutrient Malnutrition

State and Local Programs

Salt

Follow

tp钱包官网下载app正版|overweight

tp钱包官网下载app正版|overweight

肥胖和超重

Obesity and overweight

OVERWEIGHT中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

Obesity

Just a moment...

《中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)》解读

Obesity - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

The unparalleled rise of obesity in China: a call to action | International Journal of Obesity

Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015 | International Journal of Obesity

Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity | Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity | CDC

最近的新闻

您可能喜欢的文章

imtoken官网钱包|otcbtc

bitpie苹果版下载官网|owc

比特派助记词忘了怎么办

安卓手机怎么下载比特派app

比特派下载后怎么使用手机

比特派无法登录怎么办啊

比特派怎么看是否被授权